Department of Cytology, Institute of Anatomy, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2019 Aug;302(8):1276-1286. doi: 10.1002/ar.24121. Epub 2019 Apr 23.
The sex hormone progesterone is mainly known as a key factor in establishing and maintaining pregnancy. In addition, progesterone has been shown to induce morphological changes in the central and peripheral nervous system by increasing dendrito-, spino-, and synaptogenesis in Purkinje cells (Wessel et al.: Cell Mol Life Sci (2014a) 1723-1740) and increasing axonal outgrowth in dorsal root ganglia (Olbrich et al.: Endocrinology (2013) 3784-3795). These effects mediated mainly by the classical progesterone receptors (PRs) A and B seem to be limited to young neurons. It may be assumed that microRNAs (miRNAs), which are potent regulators of nervous system maturation and degeneration, are also involved in the regulation of progesterone-mediated neuronal plasticity by altering the expression patterns of the corresponding PR A/B receptors (Theis and Theiss: Neural Regen Res (2015) 547-549, Pieczora et al.: Cerebellum (2017) 376-387). This review critically discusses current data on the neuroprotective effect of progesterone and its corresponding receptors in the nervous system, with possible regulatory processes by miRNAs. Preclinical studies on stroke and traumatic brain injury revealed neuroprotective and neuroregenerative effects of progesterone in the treatment of severe neurological diseases in animal models, but have so far failed in humans. In this context, the identification of specific miRNAs that regulate the expression of progesterone and PR could help to exploit the neuroprotective potential of progesterone for the treatment of various neurological disorders. Anat Rec, 302:1276-1286, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
孕激素是一种主要的性激素，被认为是建立和维持妊娠的关键因素。此外，孕激素已被证明通过增加浦肯野细胞中的树突、棘突和突触发生（Wessel 等人：Cell Mol Life Sci（2014a）1723-1740）和增加背根神经节中的轴突生长（Olbrich 等人：Endocrinology（2013）3784-3795）来诱导中枢和外周神经系统的形态变化。这些主要由经典孕激素受体（PRs）A 和 B 介导的作用似乎仅限于年轻神经元。可以假设，微小 RNA（miRNAs）作为神经系统成熟和退化的有效调节剂，也可能通过改变相应的 PR A/B 受体的表达模式来参与孕激素介导的神经元可塑性的调节（Theis 和 Theiss：Neural Regen Res（2015）547-549，Pieczora 等人：小脑（2017）376-387）。这篇综述批判性地讨论了孕激素及其相应受体在神经系统中的神经保护作用的现有数据，以及 miRNAs 可能的调节过程。关于中风和创伤性脑损伤的临床前研究表明，孕激素在动物模型中对严重神经系统疾病的治疗具有神经保护和神经再生作用，但迄今为止在人类中尚未成功。在这种情况下，鉴定调节孕激素和 PR 表达的特定 miRNAs 可能有助于利用孕激素的神经保护潜力来治疗各种神经障碍。解剖记录，302：1276-1286，2019。©2019 Wiley Periodicals，Inc.
