Air quality changes after Hong Kong shipping emission policy: An accountability study.

BACKGROUND

On July 1st 2015, Hong Kong became the first city in Asia to implement a policy regulating sulfur dioxide (SO) in shipping emissions. We conducted an accountability study assessing the improvement in ambient air quality and estimating the effect on health outcomes of the policy.

METHOD

We used interrupted time series (ITS) with segmented regression to identify any change in ambient concentrations of SO in contrast to other ambient pollutants (particulate matter <10 μm in diameter (PM), nitrogen dioxide (NO) and ozone (O)) at 10 monitoring stations in Hong Kong from 2010 to 2017. We validated these findings using cumulative sum control (CUSUM) charts. We used a validated risk assessment model to estimate effects of changes in air quality on death for natural causes, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.

RESULTS

Mean monthly concentrations of SO fell abruptly at the monitoring station closest to the main shipping port (Kwai Chung (KC)) by -10.0 μgm p-value = 0.0004, but not elsewhere. No such changes were evident for the other pollutants (PM, NO, O). CUSUM charts confirmed a change in July 2015. Estimated deaths avoided per year as a result of the policy were 379, 72, 30 for all natural causes, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases respectively.

CONCLUSION

Implementation of the shipping emission policy in Hong Kong successfully reduced ambient SO, with the potential to reduce mortality. However, to gain full benefits, restrictions on shipping emissions need to be implemented throughout the region.