Hertfordshire International College (HIC), Collage Lane, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, UK.
Cell Biol Int. 2019 Jun;43(6):582-592. doi: 10.1002/cbin.11137. Epub 2019 Apr 25.
Cell death was once believed to be the result of one of two distinct processes, apoptosis (also known as programmed cell death) or necrosis (uncontrolled cell death); in recent years, however, several other forms of cell death have been discovered highlighting that a cell can die via a number of differing pathways. Apoptosis is characterised by a number of characteristic morphological changes in the structure of the cell, together with a number of enzyme-dependent biochemical processes. The result being the clearance of cells from the body, with minimal damage to surrounding tissues. Necrosis, however, is generally characterised to be the uncontrolled death of the cell, usually following a severe insult, resulting in spillage of the contents of the cell into surrounding tissues and subsequent damage thereof. Failure of apoptosis and the resultant accumulation of damaged cells in the body can result in various forms of cancer. An understanding of the pathways is therefore important in developing efficient chemotherapeutics. It has recently become clear that there exists a number of subtypes of apoptosis and that there is an overlap between apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy. The goal of this review is to provide a general overview of the current knowledge relating to the various forms of cell death, including apoptosis, necrosis, oncosis, pyroptosis and autophagy. This will provide researchers with a summary of the major forms of cell death and allow them to compare and contrast between them.
细胞死亡曾经被认为是两种截然不同的过程之一的结果，即凋亡（也称为程序性细胞死亡）或坏死（不受控制的细胞死亡）；然而，近年来，已经发现了几种其他形式的细胞死亡，这突出表明细胞可以通过多种不同的途径死亡。凋亡的特征是细胞结构的许多特征性形态变化，以及许多依赖酶的生化过程。其结果是细胞从体内清除，周围组织的损伤最小。然而，坏死通常被认为是细胞的不受控制的死亡，通常是在严重损伤后发生，导致细胞内容物溢出到周围组织中并随后对其造成损伤。凋亡失败和体内受损细胞的积累会导致各种形式的癌症。因此，了解这些途径对于开发有效的化学疗法非常重要。最近已经清楚的是，存在许多凋亡的亚型，并且凋亡、坏死和自噬之间存在重叠。本综述的目的是提供与各种形式的细胞死亡（包括凋亡、坏死、胀亡、细胞焦亡和自噬）相关的当前知识的概述。这将为研究人员提供主要细胞死亡形式的摘要，并允许他们对它们进行比较和对比。
