Targeted Delivery of Zoledronate to Tumor-Associated Macrophages for Cancer Immunotherapy.

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are recruited from circulatory monocytes by tumor-derived factors, which differentiate into macrophages residing in the tumor microenvironment. TAMs play critical roles in promoting angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis and immune escape, and the direct depletion of TAMs is a promising strategy for tumor immunotherapy. In this study, we developed lipid-coated calcium zoledronate nanoparticles (CaZol@pMNPs) containing conjugated mannose, which were sterically shielded with an extracellular pH-sensitive material. The NPs specifically targeted TAMs and induced their apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. In a S180 tumor-bearing mouse model, CaZol@pMNPs effectively depleted TAMs, markedly decreased angiogenesis, reduced immune suppression, and eventually restrained tumor growth without eliciting systemic effects. The collective data indicate the potential of the direct depletion of TAMs using CaZol@pMNPs for cancer immunotherapy.