Impaired predictability: enhanced fluctuations in the parenting behaviour of mothers of pre-school children with clinical diagnoses across three different play tasks.

Fluctuations in parenting behaviour are thought to be important for the development of child psychopathology. This study focusses on fluctuations in the parenting behaviour of mothers with 3-6-year-old children with a clinical diagnosis according to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) (N = 39) and compared them with a control group of mothers with children without a clinical diagnosis (N = 41). In a laboratory setting, we compared the quality of mother-child interactions between both groups using three increasingly challenging co-operation tasks. At first, the mother and child interacted via a free play task. They then co-operated within a constructional play task and finally within a challenging problem-solving task. We analysed the mothers' parenting behaviour using the Laboratory Parenting Assessment Battery (LAB-PAB) and children's problem behaviours by means of their mothers' rating using the Child Behavior Checklist 1 ½-5 (CBCL). The results corroborated our hypotheses. Mothers of the group of children with clinical diagnoses had a lower parenting quality and higher fluctuations in parenting behaviour across situations compared with the non-clinical group. Further analysis revealed that specific fluctuations in maternal involvement and hostility uniquely predicted child psychopathology, measured with the CBCL, showing incremental validity of fluctuations in maternal involvement, when controlling for parenting quality and maternal difficulties in emotion regulation, measured with the Difficulties in Emotional Regulation scale. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for clinical interventions, as well as theoretical implications and future research.