Alshehri Feras, Suárez Víctor García, Rueda Torres José L, Perilla Arcadio, van der Meijden M A M M
Department of Electrical Sustainable Energy, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, 2628 CD, Delft, the Netherlands.
TenneT TSO B. V, Arnhem, the Netherlands.
Heliyon. 2019 Apr 4;5(4):e01396. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01396. eCollection 2019 Apr.
This paper examines the prospect of PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) electrolyzers and fuel cells to partake in European electrical ancillary services markets. First, the current framework of ancillary services is reviewed and discussed, emphasizing the ongoing European harmonization plans for future frequency balancing markets. Next, the technical characteristics of PEM hydrogen technologies and their potential uses within the electrical power system are discussed to evaluate their adequacy to the requirements of ancillary services markets. Last, a case study based on a realistic representation of the transmission grid in the north of the Netherlands for the year 2030 is presented. The main goal of this case study is to ascertain the effectiveness of PEM electrolyzers and fuel cells for the provision of primary frequency reserves. Dynamic generic models suitable for grid simulations are developed for both technologies, including the required controllers to enable participation in ancillary services markets. The obtained results show that PEM hydrogen technologies can improve the frequency response when compared to the procurement with synchronous generators of the same reserve value. Moreover, the fast dynamics of PEM electrolyzers and fuel cells can help mitigate the negative effects attributed to the reduction of inertia in the system.
本文探讨了质子交换膜（PEM）电解槽和燃料电池参与欧洲电力辅助服务市场的前景。首先，回顾并讨论了当前的辅助服务框架，重点强调了欧洲正在进行的未来频率平衡市场协调计划。接下来，讨论了PEM制氢技术的技术特性及其在电力系统中的潜在用途，以评估其是否符合辅助服务市场的要求。最后，给出了一个基于2030年荷兰北部输电网络实际情况的案例研究。本案例研究的主要目标是确定PEM电解槽和燃料电池提供一次频率储备的有效性。针对这两种技术开发了适用于电网模拟的动态通用模型，包括参与辅助服务市场所需的控制器。所得结果表明，与采购具有相同储备值的同步发电机相比，PEM制氢技术可以改善频率响应。此外，PEM电解槽和燃料电池的快速动态特性有助于减轻系统中惯性降低带来的负面影响。
