Nosocomial Infections Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
Immunology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
Adv Parasitol. 2019;104:1-38. doi: 10.1016/bs.apar.2018.11.001. Epub 2018 Dec 23.
Leishmania tropica causes different forms of leishmaniasis in many parts of the world. Animal models can help to clarify the issues of pathology and immune response in L. tropica infections and can be applied to the control, prevention and treatment of the disease. The aim of this article is to summarize published data related to experimental models of this parasite, presenting an overview of the subject. We also present in brief the epidemiology, transmission and human manifestation of L. tropica infection. Mice, rats and hamsters have been used for experimental models of L. tropica infection. Main findings of the published studies show that: (1) Hamsters are the best animal model for L. tropica infection, with the drawback of being outbred hence not suitable for many studies. (2) L. tropica infection causes a non-ulcerative and chronic pathology as cutaneous form in mice and usually visceral form in hamsters. (3) L. tropica infection in mice results in a weaker immune response in comparison to Leishmania major. (4) While the Th1 responses are evoked against L. tropica, Th2 responses do not explain the outcomes of this infection, and IL-10 and TGF-β are two main suppressive cytokines. (5) The host genotype affects the immune response and disease outcome of L. tropica infection and the dose, strain, routes of inoculation, and sex of the host are among the factors affecting disease outcome of this species.
热带利什曼原虫在世界许多地区引起不同形式的利什曼病。动物模型有助于阐明 L. tropica 感染中的病理学和免疫反应问题，并可应用于该疾病的控制、预防和治疗。本文旨在总结与该寄生虫实验模型相关的已发表数据，概述该主题。我们还简要介绍了 L. tropica 感染的流行病学、传播和人类表现。已将小鼠、大鼠和仓鼠用于 L. tropica 感染的实验模型。已发表研究的主要发现表明：(1) 仓鼠是 L. tropica 感染的最佳动物模型，但由于其为杂交种，不适合许多研究，因此存在缺点。(2) L. tropica 感染在小鼠中引起非溃疡性和慢性病理学，表现为皮肤形式，而在仓鼠中通常为内脏形式。(3) L. tropica 感染在小鼠中引起的免疫反应弱于 L. major。(4) 虽然针对 L. tropica 产生了 Th1 反应，但 Th2 反应并不能解释该感染的结果，IL-10 和 TGF-β 是两种主要的抑制性细胞因子。(5) 宿主基因型影响 L. tropica 感染的免疫反应和疾病结果，而宿主的剂量、菌株、接种途径和性别是影响该物种疾病结果的因素之一。
