From The Buncke Clinic; the Department of Surgery, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, San Francisco; the Deschamps-Braly Clinic; and the Department of Surgery, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, Los Angeles.
Plast Reconstr Surg. 2019 May;143(5):1081e-1091e. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000005595.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: After reading this article and viewing the video, the participant should be able to: 1. Discuss appropriate treatment guidelines, including preoperative mental health and hormonal treatment before gender-affirmation surgery. 2. Name various surgical options for facial, chest, and genital feminization. 3. Recognize key steps and anatomy during facial feminization, feminizing mammaplasty, and vaginoplasty. 4. Discuss major risks and complications of vaginoplasty. SUMMARY: Transgender and gender-nonconforming individuals may experience conflict between their gender identity and their gender assigned at birth. With recent advances in health care and societal support, appropriate treatment has become newly accessible and has generated increased demand for gender-affirming care, which is globally guided by the World Professional Association for Transgender Health. This CME article reviews key terminology and standards of care, and provides an overview of various feminizing gender-affirming surgical procedures.
学习目标：阅读本文并观看视频后，参与者应能够：1. 讨论适当的治疗指南，包括性别肯定手术前的心理健康和激素治疗。2. 命名各种面部、胸部和生殖器女性化的手术选择。3. 认识到面部女性化、女性化乳房成形术和阴道成形术过程中的关键步骤和解剖结构。4. 讨论阴道成形术的主要风险和并发症。 摘要：跨性别者和性别不一致者可能会在他们的性别认同和出生时分配的性别之间感到冲突。随着医疗保健和社会支持的最新进展，适当的治疗方法变得更加容易获得，并且对性别肯定护理的需求增加，这在全球范围内由世界跨性别健康专业协会指导。本文回顾了关键术语和护理标准，并概述了各种女性化的性别肯定手术程序。
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