The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK.
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2019 Jun 24;374(1775):20180257. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0257.
In 1918, a strain of influenza A virus caused a human pandemic resulting in the deaths of 50 million people. A century later, with the advent of sequencing technology and corresponding phylogenetic methods, we know much more about the origins, evolution and epidemiology of influenza epidemics. Here we review the history of avian influenza viruses through the lens of their genetic makeup: from their relationship to human pandemic viruses, starting with the 1918 H1N1 strain, through to the highly pathogenic epidemics in birds and zoonoses up to 2018. We describe the genesis of novel influenza A virus strains by reassortment and evolution in wild and domestic bird populations, as well as the role of wild bird migration in their long-range spread. The emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, and the zoonotic incursions of avian H5 and H7 viruses into humans over the last couple of decades are also described. The threat of a new avian influenza virus causing a human pandemic is still present today, although control in domestic avian populations can minimize the risk to human health. This article is part of the theme issue 'Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: approaches and important themes'. This issue is linked with the subsequent theme issue 'Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: epidemic forecasting and control'.
1918 年，一种甲型流感病毒引发了人类大流行，导致 5000 万人死亡。一个世纪后，随着测序技术和相应的系统发育方法的出现，我们对流感疫情的起源、进化和流行病学有了更多的了解。在这里，我们通过其遗传结构的视角回顾禽流感病毒的历史：从与人类大流行病毒的关系开始，从 1918 年的 H1N1 株开始，到鸟类中的高致病性疫情和 2018 年的人畜共患病。我们描述了新型甲型流感病毒株通过在野生和家养鸟类种群中的重配和进化而产生的情况，以及野生鸟类迁徙在其远距离传播中的作用。高致病性禽流感病毒的出现，以及过去几十年中禽流感 H5 和 H7 病毒对人类的人畜共患病入侵也有所描述。今天仍然存在新的禽流感病毒引发人类大流行的威胁，尽管控制家禽中的禽流感可以最大限度地降低对人类健康的风险。本文是主题为“模拟人类、动物和植物中的传染病暴发：方法和重要主题”的一部分。本期特刊与随后的主题特刊“模拟人类、动物和植物中的传染病暴发：流行预测和控制”相关联。
