Earth Science Section, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, U.S.A.
Radar Science and Engineering Section, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, U.S.A.
Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2019 Aug;94(4):1547-1575. doi: 10.1111/brv.12514. Epub 2019 May 6.
Dispersal allows species to shift their distributions in response to changing climate conditions. As a result, dispersal is considered a key process contributing to a species' long-term persistence. For many passive dispersers, fluid dynamics of wind and water fuel these movements and different species have developed remarkable adaptations for utilizing this energy to reach and colonize suitable habitats. The seafaring propagules (fruits and seeds) of mangroves represent an excellent example of such passive dispersal. Mangroves are halophytic woody plants that grow in the intertidal zones along tropical and subtropical shorelines and produce hydrochorous propagules with high dispersal potential. This results in exceptionally large coastal ranges across vast expanses of ocean and allows species to shift geographically and track the conditions to which they are adapted. This is particularly relevant given the challenges presented by rapid sea-level rise, higher frequency and intensity of storms, and changes in regional precipitation and temperature regimes. However, despite its importance, the underlying drivers of mangrove dispersal have typically been studied in isolation, and a conceptual synthesis of mangrove oceanic dispersal across spatial scales is lacking. Here, we review current knowledge on mangrove propagule dispersal across the various stages of the dispersal process. Using a general framework, we outline the mechanisms and ecological processes that are known to modulate the spatial patterns of mangrove dispersal. We show that important dispersal factors remain understudied and that adequate empirical data on the determinants of dispersal are missing for most mangrove species. This review particularly aims to provide a baseline for developing future research agendas and field campaigns, filling current knowledge gaps and increasing our understanding of the processes that shape global mangrove distributions.
扩散使物种能够根据气候变化条件调整其分布。因此，扩散被认为是物种长期生存的关键过程。对于许多被动扩散者来说，风和水的流体动力学为这些运动提供了动力，不同的物种已经发展出了显著的适应能力，以利用这种能量到达和殖民适宜的栖息地。红树林的航海繁殖体（果实和种子）就是这种被动扩散的一个极好例子。红树林是生长在热带和亚热带海岸线潮间带的盐生木本植物，它们产生具有高扩散潜力的水生繁殖体。这导致了红树林在广阔的海洋区域中形成了异常大的沿海范围，并使物种能够在地理上转移并追踪它们适应的条件。考虑到海平面快速上升、风暴频率和强度增加以及区域降水和温度模式变化带来的挑战，这一点尤其重要。然而，尽管扩散很重要，但红树林扩散的潜在驱动因素通常是孤立地进行研究的，缺乏对跨空间尺度的红树林海洋扩散的概念性综合。在这里，我们回顾了当前关于红树林繁殖体在扩散过程各个阶段的扩散知识。我们使用一个通用框架，概述了已知调节红树林扩散空间格局的机制和生态过程。我们表明，重要的扩散因素仍未得到充分研究，并且大多数红树林物种缺乏关于扩散决定因素的充分经验数据。本综述的目的特别在于为未来的研究议程和实地考察提供一个基准，填补当前的知识空白，并增进我们对塑造全球红树林分布的过程的理解。
