School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Dublin City University (DCU),Dublin,Ireland.
Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs),Maastricht University,Maastricht,The Netherlands.
J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2019 Jul;25(6):603-617. doi: 10.1017/S1355617719000250. Epub 2019 May 7.
Cognitive reserve (CR) capacity can be viewed as the maximum processing potential of neural systems that support adaptive cognitive performance in age-related cognitive decline. CR is a complex construct that can only be measured indirectly. Proxy measures (e.g., psychosocial/lifestyle variables) are traditionally used to reflect CR. However, strong relationships have been observed between these measures and cognitive functions (e.g., executive function [EF], processing resources [PR], fluid/crystallized abilities); therefore, the organizational structure of indicators implicated in CR remains unclear. The objective of this study was to test a hypothetical, theoretical model of CR capacity that includes both traditional CR proxy indicators and measures of cognitive function [Satz et al. (2011). Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 33(1), 121-130], which remain, as yet, untested.
Construct validity of the model was investigated in healthy older adults through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (EFA and CFA) using data from the Maastricht Ageing Study (MAAS). A secondary CFA was conducted to validate the model using data from the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA).
EFA and CFA in MAAS established a two-factor model comprising EF/PR and cumulative cognitive enrichment (CCE), which was further validated in a secondary analysis in TILDA. Convergent and discriminant validity was supported in MAAS (range of R2 = .228-.635; factor correlation confidence interval (CI) = .622, .740) and TILDA (range of R2 = .172-.899; factor correlation CI = .559, .624).
A dual model of CR elucidated the relationships between hypothesized indicators of CR capacity and revealed a two-factor structure suggesting that both control (EF/PR) and representational processes (CCE) are involved in CR capacity.
认知储备（CR）能力可以被视为支持与年龄相关的认知衰退中的适应性认知表现的神经系统的最大处理潜力。CR 是一种复杂的结构，只能间接测量。代理指标（例如，心理社会/生活方式变量）传统上用于反映 CR。然而，已经观察到这些指标与认知功能（例如，执行功能[EF]，处理资源[PR]，流体/结晶能力）之间存在很强的关系；因此，涉及 CR 的指标的组织结构仍不清楚。本研究的目的是测试一个假设的 CR 能力理论模型，该模型包括传统的 CR 代理指标和认知功能的测量[ Satz 等人。（2011）。临床与实验神经心理学杂志，33（1），121-130]，这仍然是未经验证的。
通过使用 Maastricht 衰老研究（MAAS）的数据进行探索性和验证性因子分析（EFA 和 CFA），测试健康老年人模型的结构效度。使用爱尔兰老龄化纵向研究（TILDA）的数据进行了二次 CFA 以验证模型。
MAAS 中的 EFA 和 CFA 建立了一个包含 EF/PR 和累积认知丰富度（CCE）的两因素模型，该模型在 TILDA 的二次分析中得到进一步验证。在 MAAS（R2 范围为.228-.635；因子相关置信区间[CI]为.622，.740）和 TILDA（R2 范围为.172-.899；因子相关 CI =.559，.624）中均支持收敛和区分效度。
CR 的双模型阐明了假设的 CR 能力指标之间的关系，并揭示了两因素结构，表明控制（EF/PR）和表示过程（CCE）都参与了 CR 能力。
