Adolescent Health Unit, Second Department of Pediatrics, P. and A. Kyriakou Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Leoforos Mesogeion 24, 11527, Athens, Greece.
Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, 136, Sygrou Avenue, 17671, Athens, Greece.
Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2019 Nov;54(11):1429-1441. doi: 10.1007/s00127-019-01706-w. Epub 2019 May 6.
Worldwide, concern has grown over the expansion of gambling among adolescents, who have an increased likelihood of developing risk-taking behaviors. This study aimed to increase knowledge of problem gambling among adolescents in seven European countries and to assess the effect of demographic and lifestyle factors recorded in the European Network for Addictive Behavior survey (https://www.eunetadb.eu).
A cross-sectional school-based study (n = 13,284) was conducted in Germany, Greece, Iceland, The Netherlands, Poland, Romania and Spain. Anonymous self-completed questionnaires included socio-demographic data, internet usage characteristics, school achievement, parental control, the Internet Addiction Test, the South Oaks Gambling Screen-Revised for Adolescents Test and Achenbach's Youth Self-Report.
12.5% of the participants reported last year gambling activities either online or offline. 3.6% of the study participants and 28.1% of gamblers (either online or offline) were at risk or had a gambling problem. The study results showed that a higher proportion of adolescents was either at risk or had a gambling problem among males, in the older age group, when the parental educational level was lower/middle, and in the absence of siblings. Furthermore, being at risk or having a gambling problem was associated with lower age at first use of the internet, lower school grades, using the internet 6-7 days per week, and problematic internet use. At risk or problem gamblers had higher scores on all scales of problem behavior and lower scores (lower competence) on activities and academic performance.
Our findings underline the need for better gambling legislation and suggest the importance of developing social responsibility tools that may help diminish adolescent gambling involvement, with special attention to males.
在全球范围内，人们对青少年赌博行为的增加表示担忧，因为青少年更有可能养成冒险行为。本研究旨在提高对七个欧洲国家青少年问题赌博的认识，并评估欧洲成瘾行为网络调查（https://www.eunetadb.eu）中记录的人口统计学和生活方式因素的影响。
在德国、希腊、冰岛、荷兰、波兰、罗马尼亚和西班牙进行了一项基于学校的横断面研究（n=13284）。匿名自我完成的问卷包括社会人口统计学数据、互联网使用特征、学业成绩、父母控制、互联网成瘾测试、青少年修订版南奥克斯赌博筛查测试和阿肯巴赫青少年自我报告。
12.5%的参与者报告去年有过在线或离线赌博活动。3.6%的研究参与者和 28.1%的赌徒（无论是在线还是离线）存在风险或有赌博问题。研究结果表明，在男性、年龄较大、父母教育水平较低/中等、没有兄弟姐妹的青少年中，有更高比例的青少年存在风险或有赌博问题。此外，存在风险或有赌博问题与互联网使用年龄较小、学业成绩较低、每周使用互联网 6-7 天以及互联网使用问题有关。有风险或有问题的赌徒在所有问题行为量表上的得分更高，而在活动和学业成绩方面的得分（较低的能力）较低。
我们的研究结果强调了更好的赌博立法的必要性，并表明制定社会责任工具的重要性，这些工具可能有助于减少青少年的赌博参与度，特别是对男性青少年。
