Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada.
Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2019 Jun;26(18):18846-18855. doi: 10.1007/s11356-019-05302-y. Epub 2019 May 7.
Eisenia fetida earthworms were exposed to sub-lethal levels of imidacloprid for 48 h via contact filter paper tests and soil tests. After the exposure, H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics was used to measure earthworm sub-lethal responses by analyzing the changes in the polar metabolite profile. Maltose, glucose, malate, lactate/threonine, myo-inositol, glutamate, arginine, lysine, tyrosine, leucine, and phenylalanine relative concentrations were altered with imidacloprid exposure in soil. In addition to these metabolites (excluding leucine and phenylalanine), fumarate, ATP, inosine, betaine, scyllo-inositol, glutamine, valine, tryptophan, alanine, tyrosine, and isoleucine relative concentrations shifted with imidacloprid exposure during contact tests. Metabolite changes in E. fetida earthworms exposed to imidacloprid showed a non-linear concentration response and an upregulation in gluconeogenesis. Overall, imidacloprid exposure in soil induces a less pronounced response in metabolites glucose, maltose, fumarate, adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP), inosine, scyllo-inositol, lactate/threonine, and tyrosine in comparison to the response observed via contact tests. Thus, our study highlights that tests in soil can result in a different metabolic response in E. fetida and demonstrates the importance of different modes of exposure and the extent of metabolic perturbation in earthworms. Our study also emphasizes the underlying metabolic disruption of earthworms after acute sub-lethal exposure to imidacloprid. These observations should be further examined in different soil types to assess the sub-lethal toxicity of imidacloprid to soil-dwelling earthworms.
赤子爱胜蚓（Eisenia fetida）通过接触滤纸试验和土壤试验暴露于亚致死水平的吡虫啉 48 h。暴露后，通过分析极性代谢物谱的变化，使用 H 核磁共振（NMR）代谢组学来测量蚯蚓的亚致死反应。葡萄糖、苹果酸、乳酸/苏氨酸、肌醇、谷氨酸、精氨酸、赖氨酸、酪氨酸、亮氨酸和苯丙氨酸的相对浓度随吡虫啉在土壤中的暴露而改变。除了这些代谢物（不包括亮氨酸和苯丙氨酸），富马酸、三磷酸腺苷（ATP）、肌苷、甜菜碱、鲨肌醇、谷氨酰胺、缬氨酸、色氨酸、丙氨酸、酪氨酸和异亮氨酸的相对浓度在接触试验中随吡虫啉的暴露而发生变化。暴露于吡虫啉的赤子爱胜蚓的代谢物变化表现出非线性浓度响应和糖异生的上调。总的来说，与接触试验观察到的反应相比，土壤中吡虫啉的暴露导致代谢物葡萄糖、麦芽糖、富马酸、腺苷-5'-三磷酸（ATP）、肌苷、鲨肌醇、乳酸/苏氨酸和酪氨酸的反应不那么明显。因此，我们的研究强调了土壤中的试验会导致赤子爱胜蚓产生不同的代谢反应，并证明了不同暴露方式和代谢扰动程度对蚯蚓的重要性。我们的研究还强调了蚯蚓在急性亚致死暴露于吡虫啉后潜在的代谢破坏。这些观察结果应在不同的土壤类型中进一步研究，以评估吡虫啉对土壤栖息蚯蚓的亚致死毒性。
