Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany ; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich , Munich , Germany ; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich , Germany ; Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany ; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich , Germany ; and Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen , Germany.
Physiol Rev. 2019 Jul 1;99(3):1381-1431. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00031.2018.
Oligodendrocytes generate multiple layers of myelin membrane around axons of the central nervous system to enable fast and efficient nerve conduction. Until recently, saltatory nerve conduction was considered the only purpose of myelin, but it is now clear that myelin has more functions. In fact, myelinating oligodendrocytes are embedded in a vast network of interconnected glial and neuronal cells, and increasing evidence supports an active role of oligodendrocytes within this assembly, for example, by providing metabolic support to neurons, by regulating ion and water homeostasis, and by adapting to activity-dependent neuronal signals. The molecular complexity governing these interactions requires an in-depth molecular understanding of how oligodendrocytes and axons interact and how they generate, maintain, and remodel their myelin sheaths. This review deals with the biology of myelin, the expanded relationship of myelin with its underlying axons and the neighboring cells, and its disturbances in various diseases such as multiple sclerosis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Furthermore, we will highlight how specific interactions between astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia contribute to demyelination in hereditary white matter pathologies.
少突胶质细胞在中枢神经系统轴突周围生成多层髓鞘膜，以实现快速有效的神经传导。直到最近，跳跃式神经传导才被认为是髓鞘的唯一作用，但现在很明显，髓鞘具有更多的功能。事实上，少突胶质细胞嵌入在一个由相互连接的神经胶质细胞和神经元细胞组成的庞大网络中，越来越多的证据支持少突胶质细胞在这个组合中的活跃作用，例如，为神经元提供代谢支持，调节离子和水的动态平衡，并适应活动依赖性神经元信号。这些相互作用的分子复杂性需要深入了解少突胶质细胞和轴突如何相互作用，以及它们如何产生、维持和重塑髓鞘。本篇综述讨论了髓鞘生物学、髓鞘与其下的轴突和相邻细胞的扩展关系，以及其在多发性硬化症、急性播散性脑脊髓炎和视神经脊髓炎谱系障碍等各种疾病中的紊乱。此外，我们将重点介绍星形胶质细胞、少突胶质细胞和小胶质细胞之间的特定相互作用如何导致遗传性白质病变中的脱髓鞘。
