Thymoquinone Inhibits Biofilm Formation and Attachment-Invasion in Host Cells of .

is a halophilic Gram-negative foodborne pathogen that is widely distributed in marine environments. It can cause acute gastroenteritis and other diseases. This study aimed to investigate the antivirulence activity of thymoquinone (TQ) on . . TQ was shown to effectively inhibit . Subminimum inhibitory concentrations of TQ inhibited swimming and swarming motility, quorum sensing, biofilm formation, the ability of to adhere and invade the host cells, and the expression of virulence-associated genes of . . These findings suggest that TQ can effectively inhibit the growth of . and significantly reduce its pathogenicity. Considering its safety and various biological activities, TQ has the potential to be developed as a natural antibacterial substance to reduce the diseases associated with . .