Bosscher Valerie, Lytle Darren A, Schock Michael R, Porter Andrea, Del Toral Miguel
a Ground Water & Drinking Water Branch , EPA Region 5 , Chicago , IL , USA.
b NRMRL, WSD, DWTDB , EPA Office of Research and Development , Cincinnati , OH , USA.
J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng. 2019;54(5):484-493. doi: 10.1080/10934529.2019.1611141.
A field study was conducted to test the effectiveness of faucet-mounted point of use (POU) water filters for removing high concentrations of lead in drinking water from premise plumbing sources and lead service lines (LSL). These filters were concurrently certified for total lead removal under NSF/ANSI Standard 53 (NSF/ANSI-53) and for fine particulate (Class I) reduction under NSF/ANSI Standard 42 (NSF/ANSI-42). In 2016, filtered and unfiltered drinking water samples were collected at over 345 locations in Flint, Michigan. Over 97% of filtered water samples contained lead below 0.5 µg/L. The maximum lead concentration in filtered water was 2.9 µg/L, well below the bottled water standard. The effectiveness of the POU activated carbon block filters in reducing lead concentrations, even above the 150 µg/L NSF/ANSI-53 challenge standard, is likely related to trapping particles due to the small effective pore size of the filters, in addition to ion-exchange or sorption removal of soluble lead. Properly installed and maintained POU filters, certified under both NSF/ANSI-53 (for total lead) and NSF/ANSI-42 (for fine particulate), can protect all populations, including pregnant women and children, by reducing lead in drinking water to levels that would not result in a significant increase in overall lead exposure.
开展了一项实地研究，以测试安装在水龙头上的终端使用（POU）净水器去除来自室内管道系统和铅质服务管道（LSL）的饮用水中高浓度铅的效果。这些过滤器同时获得了NSF/ANSI标准53（NSF/ANSI - 53）下总铅去除认证以及NSF/ANSI标准42（NSF/ANSI - 42）下细颗粒物（I类）减少认证。2016年，在密歇根州弗林特市的345多个地点采集了经过过滤和未经过滤的饮用水样本。超过97%的过滤后水样中铅含量低于0.5微克/升。过滤后水中的最高铅浓度为2.9微克/升，远低于瓶装水标准。POU活性炭块过滤器在降低铅浓度方面的有效性，即使在高于150微克/升的NSF/ANSI - 53挑战标准的情况下，除了离子交换或吸附去除可溶性铅外，可能还与过滤器有效孔径小导致的颗粒截留有关。正确安装和维护的POU过滤器，同时获得NSF/ANSI - 53（总铅）和NSF/ANSI - 42（细颗粒物）认证，可以通过将饮用水中的铅含量降低到不会导致总体铅暴露显著增加的水平，来保护所有人群，包括孕妇和儿童。
