Waeyeng Donrawee, Khamphaya Tanaporn, Pouyfung Phisit, Vattanasit Udomratana, Yimthiang Supabhorn
Environmental, Safety Technology and Health Program, School of Public Health, Walailak University, Thaiburi, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand.
Occupational Health and Safety Department, School of Public Health, Walailak University, Thaiburi, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand.
Toxics. 2022 Oct 11;10(10):599. doi: 10.3390/toxics10100599.
Lead (Pb) is a heavy metal that is toxic to humans, especially children and pregnant women. In Thailand, guidelines exist to minimize lead exposure in pregnant women working in lead-related occupations. However, no guidelines exist for pregnant women who are not employed in these economic sectors. This cross-sectional study aimed to examine blood lead levels (BLLs) and related risk factors among 80 non-occupationally exposed pregnant women from the general population living in Nakhon Si Thammarat province, Southern Thailand. BLLs were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. A validated questionnaire was adopted to interview participants which included demographic, consumer goods, supplement intake, and health factors. The mean BLL was 4.68 ± 1.55 µg/dL (95% CI 4.33-5.02) and 42.50% had BLLs ≥ 5 µg/dL. Higher education was the only demographic factor associated with BLLs ≥ 5 µg/dL (aOR 0.16, 95% CI 0.03-0.80, = 0.027). Systolic blood pressure was also associated with BLLs ≥ 5 µg/dL (aOR 5.00, 95% CI 1.23-17.16, = 0.023). However, consumer goods and supplement intake were not associated with BLLs. Our results indicate that pregnant women from the general population who were not in the risk exposure group had lead in their bodies. Except for education, demographics were not associated with pregnant women with BLLs. However, with health factors, even low BLLs had a small effect on systolic blood pressure. These data suggest a need for promoting health education and health interventions to prevent the dangers of lead exposure, especially for pregnant women and children.
铅(Pb)是一种对人类有毒的重金属,对儿童和孕妇尤其如此。在泰国,存在相关指南以尽量减少从事与铅相关职业的孕妇的铅暴露。然而,对于未受雇于这些经济部门的孕妇却没有相关指南。这项横断面研究旨在调查泰国南部那空是贪玛叻府普通人群中80名非职业性暴露孕妇的血铅水平(BLLs)及相关危险因素。血铅水平通过石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定。采用一份经过验证的问卷对参与者进行访谈,问卷内容包括人口统计学信息、消费品使用情况、补充剂摄入情况以及健康因素。平均血铅水平为4.68±1.55微克/分升(95%置信区间4.33 - 5.02),42.50%的孕妇血铅水平≥5微克/分升。高等教育是与血铅水平≥5微克/分升相关的唯一人口统计学因素(调整后比值比0.16,95%置信区间0.03 - 0.80,P = 0.027)。收缩压也与血铅水平≥5微克/分升相关(调整后比值比5.00,95%置信区间1.23 - 17.16,P = 0.023)。然而,消费品使用情况和补充剂摄入与血铅水平无关。我们的研究结果表明,来自普通人群且不属于风险暴露组的孕妇体内存在铅。除教育因素外,人口统计学因素与血铅水平较高的孕妇无关。然而,在健康因素方面,即使是低血铅水平也对收缩压有微小影响。这些数据表明需要加强健康教育和健康干预措施,以预防铅暴露的危害,尤其是对孕妇和儿童。