Stokholm Iben, Härkönen Tero, Harding Karin C, Siebert Ursula, Lehnert Kristina, Dietz Rune, Teilmann Jonas, Galatius Anders, Worsøe Havmøller Linnea, Carroll Emma L, Hall Ailsa, Olsen Morten Tange
Section for Evolutionary Genomics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
Dis Aquat Organ. 2019 Feb 21;133(1):47-56. doi: 10.3354/dao03328.
The 1988 and 2002 phocine distemper virus (PDV) outbreaks in European harbour seals Phoca vitulina are among the largest mass mortality events recorded in marine mammals. Despite its large impact on harbour seal population numbers, and 3 decades of studies, many questions regarding the spread and temporal origin of PDV remain unanswered. Here, we sequenced and analysed 7123 bp of the PDV genome, including the coding and non-coding regions of the entire P, M, F and H genes in tissues from 44 harbour seals to shed new light on the origin and spread of PDV in 1988 and 2002. The phylogenetic analyses trace the origin of the PDV strain causing the 1988 outbreak to between May 1987 and April 1988, while the origin of the strain causing the 2002 outbreak can be traced back to between June 2001 and May 2002. The analyses further point to several independent introductions of PDV in 1988, possibly linked to a southward mass immigration of harp seals in the winter and spring of 1987-1988. The vector for the 2002 outbreak is unknown, but the epidemiological analyses suggest the subsequent spread of PDV from the epicentre in the Kattegat, Denmark, to haul-out sites in the North Sea through several independent introductions.
1988年和2002年，欧洲港湾海豹（Phoca vitulina）爆发的海豹瘟热病毒（PDV）疫情，是有记录以来海洋哺乳动物中规模最大的大规模死亡事件之一。尽管其对港湾海豹种群数量产生了巨大影响，且经过了30年的研究，但关于PDV的传播和时间起源仍有许多问题未得到解答。在此，我们对44只港湾海豹组织中的PDV基因组7123 bp进行了测序和分析，包括整个P、M、F和H基因的编码区和非编码区，以揭示1988年和2002年PDV的起源和传播情况。系统发育分析将导致1988年疫情爆发的PDV毒株起源追溯到1987年5月至1988年4月之间，而导致2002年疫情爆发的毒株起源可追溯到2001年6月至2002年5月之间。分析还指出，1988年有几次独立的PDV引入事件，可能与1987 - 1988年冬春季节竖琴海豹向南大规模迁徙有关。2002年疫情爆发的传播媒介尚不清楚，但流行病学分析表明，随后PDV从丹麦卡特加特海峡的疫情中心通过几次独立引入传播到了北海的上岸地点。
