Vigil Katie, Wu Huiyun, Aw Tiong Gim
Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
One Health. 2024 Aug 4;19:100872. doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100872. eCollection 2024 Dec.
Marine mammals play a critical role as sentinels for tracking the spread of zoonotic diseases, with viruses being the primary causative factor behind infectious disease induced mortality events. A systematic review was conducted to document marine mammal mortality events attributed to zoonotic viral infections in published literature across the globe. This rigorous search strategy yielded 2883 studies with 88 meeting inclusion criteria. The studies spanned from 1989 to 2023, with a peak in publications observed in 2020. Most of the included studies were retrospective, providing valuable insights into historical trends. The United States (U.S.) reported the highest number of mortality events followed by Spain, Italy, Brazil and the United Kingdom. Harbor seals were the most impacted species, particularly in regions like Anholt, Denmark and the New England Coast, U.S. Analysis revealed six main viruses responsible for mortality events, with causing the highest proportion of deaths. Notably, the occurrence of these viral events varied geographically, with distinct patterns observed in different regions. Immunohistochemistry emerged as the most employed detection method. This study underscores the importance of global surveillance efforts in understanding and mitigating the impact of viral infections on marine mammal populations, thereby emphasizing the necessity of collaborative One Health approaches to address emerging threats at the human-animal-environment interface. Additionally, the potential transfer of zoonotic viruses to aquatic organisms used in food production, such as fish and shellfish, highlights the broader implications for food safety, food security and public health.
海洋哺乳动物作为追踪人畜共患病传播的哨兵发挥着关键作用，病毒是传染病导致死亡事件背后的主要致病因素。我们进行了一项系统综述，以记录全球已发表文献中归因于人畜共患病毒感染的海洋哺乳动物死亡事件。这种严格的检索策略产生了2883项研究，其中88项符合纳入标准。这些研究涵盖了1989年至2023年，2020年观察到出版物数量达到峰值。大多数纳入研究是回顾性的，为历史趋势提供了有价值的见解。美国报告的死亡事件数量最多，其次是西班牙、意大利、巴西和英国。斑海豹是受影响最严重的物种，特别是在丹麦的安霍尔特和美国新英格兰海岸等地区。分析显示，有六种主要病毒导致了死亡事件，其中 导致的死亡比例最高。值得注意的是，这些病毒事件的发生在地理上有所不同，在不同地区观察到了不同的模式。免疫组织化学是最常用的检测方法。这项研究强调了全球监测工作在理解和减轻病毒感染对海洋哺乳动物种群影响方面的重要性，从而强调了采取协作性“同一健康”方法来应对人类-动物-环境界面出现的威胁的必要性。此外，人畜共患病毒向用于食品生产的水生生物（如鱼类和贝类）的潜在转移，凸显了对食品安全、粮食安全和公共卫生的更广泛影响。
