家庭中的焦虑：基于遗传信息的母子、父子和儿童焦虑症状之间的交互关联分析。
Anxiety in the family: a genetically informed analysis of transactional associations between mother, father and child anxiety symptoms.
机构信息
Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
College of Education, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.
出版信息
J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2019 Dec;60(12):1269-1277. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.13068. Epub 2019 May 20.
BACKGROUND
Anxiety in parents is associated with anxiety in offspring, although little is known about the mechanisms underpinning these intergenerational associations. We conducted the first genetically sensitive study to simultaneously examine the effects of mother, father and child anxiety symptoms on each other over time.
METHOD
Adoptive parent and child symptoms were measured at child ages 6, 7 and 8 years from 305 families involved in the Early Growth and Development Study, using a prospective adoption design. Children were adopted at birth to nonrelatives, and composite data on internalising problems within birth families were used as a proxy measure of offspring inherited risk for anxiety. Structural equation models were fitted to the data to examine prospective associations between adoptive mother, father and child symptoms, whilst accounting for individuals' symptom stability over time.
RESULTS
Child anxiety symptoms at age 7 predicted adoptive mothers' anxiety symptoms at age 8. No mother-to-child or child-to-father effects were observed. These results were consistent in sensitivity analyses using only paternal offspring reports and using a second measure of child anxiety symptoms. Fathers' anxiety symptoms at child age 6 prospectively predicted child symptoms, but only when paternal offspring reports were included in the model. Composite data on birth family internalising problems were not associated with child anxiety symptoms.
CONCLUSIONS
Results show environmentally mediated associations between parent and child anxiety symptoms. Results support developmental theories suggesting that child anxiety symptoms can exert influence on caregivers, and mothers and fathers may play unique roles during the development of child symptoms. Further research is needed on the role of genetic transmission associated with anxiety symptoms in biologically related families. In the meantime, researchers and clinicians should strive to include fathers in assessments and consider the effects of child symptoms on caregivers.
背景
父母的焦虑与子女的焦虑有关，尽管人们对这些代际关联的潜在机制知之甚少。我们进行了首次具有遗传敏感性的研究，以同时考察母亲、父亲和儿童的焦虑症状随时间相互影响。
方法
305 个参与早期成长与发展研究的家庭的父母和子女在孩子 6、7 和 8 岁时接受了前瞻性收养设计的评估，使用了一种前瞻性收养设计。儿童是在出生时被非亲属收养的，出生家庭中内化问题的综合数据被用作子女遗传焦虑风险的代理指标。结构方程模型被用来检验收养母亲、父亲和子女症状之间的前瞻性关联，同时考虑到个体随时间的症状稳定性。
结果
7 岁时儿童的焦虑症状预测了 8 岁时收养母亲的焦虑症状。没有观察到母亲到孩子或孩子到父亲的影响。在仅使用父亲后代报告和使用第二种儿童焦虑症状测量方法的敏感性分析中，这些结果是一致的。父亲在孩子 6 岁时的焦虑症状可以预测孩子的症状，但只有在将父亲的后代报告纳入模型时才可以预测。出生家庭内化问题的综合数据与儿童焦虑症状无关。
结论
研究结果表明父母和子女的焦虑症状之间存在环境介导的关联。结果支持发展理论，即儿童的焦虑症状可以对照顾者产生影响，而母亲和父亲在儿童症状的发展过程中可能扮演着独特的角色。需要进一步研究与焦虑症状相关的遗传传递在生物学相关家庭中的作用。与此同时，研究人员和临床医生应该努力让父亲参与评估，并考虑儿童症状对照顾者的影响。
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