Gaitán Adriana V, Wood JodiAnne T, Solomons Noel W, Donohue Juliana A, Ji Lipin, Liu Yingpeng, Nikas Spyros P, Zhang Fan, Allen Lindsay H, Makriyannis Alexandros, Lammi-Keefe Carol J
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA.
Agricultural Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA.
Curr Dev Nutr. 2019 Mar 27;3(6):nzz018. doi: 10.1093/cdn/nzz018. eCollection 2019 Jun.
Recognized as the gold-standard ideal fare, human milk has a unique composition that meets infants' needs throughout development. Endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like compounds [endocannabinoid metabolome (ECM)] are endogenous lipid mediators derived from long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Based on animal models, it has been proposed that endocannabinoid arachidonoyl glycerol (AG) plays a role in establishing the suckling response during lactation. In addition, endocannabinoid ethanolamides have been shown to stimulate food intake. The mechanisms of action and the role of the ECM in human milk are not fully understood.
The present study aimed to characterize and quantify the ECM in human milk samples from an underserved population in Guatemala.
Human milk samples were collected from lactating women ( = 26) for ECM characterization and quantification. Samples were taken at 3 different time points between 4 and 6 mo of lactation during maternal fasting. Human milk samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Identified members of the ECM were: arachidonoyl ethanolamide, palmitoyl ethanolamide (PEA), oleoyl ethanolamide, docosahexaenoyl ethanolamide, eicoapentaenoyl ethanolamide, eicosenoyl ethanolamide, AG, palmitoyl glycerol, oleoyl glycerol, docosahexaenoyl glycerol, eicosapentaenoyl glycerol, eicosenoyl glycerol, arachidonic acid (ARA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA).
Overall, concentrations in the ethanolamide group were lower than the glycerols. A time effect was observed for ARA, DHA, EPA, and PEA across the 3 time points ( ≤ 0.05).
Our study identified the ECM in mature human milk and provides the first report for a population with health disparities within a developing country. The few studies available have been conducted in developed countries. Hypotheses for future studies can be developed based on this study's data to help elucidate specific roles for members of the ECM and how this biological system modulates infant health and development.
母乳被公认为是理想的黄金标准食物，其独特的成分能满足婴儿在整个发育过程中的需求。内源性大麻素和内源性大麻素样化合物[内源性大麻素代谢组（ECM）]是源自长链多不饱和脂肪酸的内源性脂质介质。基于动物模型，有人提出内源性大麻素花生四烯酸甘油酯（AG）在哺乳期建立哺乳反应中发挥作用。此外，内源性大麻素乙醇酰胺已被证明能刺激食物摄入。ECM在母乳中的作用机制和作用尚未完全了解。
本研究旨在对危地马拉一个服务不足人群的母乳样本中的ECM进行表征和定量。
从哺乳期妇女（n = 26）收集母乳样本用于ECM表征和定量。在哺乳期4至6个月期间的3个不同时间点，于母亲禁食时采集样本。母乳样本通过液相色谱 - 质谱法进行分析。鉴定出的ECM成员有：花生四烯酸乙醇酰胺、棕榈酰乙醇酰胺（PEA）、油酰乙醇酰胺、二十二碳六烯酸乙醇酰胺、二十碳五烯酸乙醇酰胺、二十碳烯酸乙醇酰胺、AG、棕榈酰甘油、油酰甘油、二十二碳六烯酸甘油酯、二十碳五烯酸甘油酯、二十碳烯酸甘油酯、花生四烯酸（ARA）、二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）和二十碳五烯酸（EPA）。
总体而言，乙醇酰胺组的浓度低于甘油组。在3个时间点观察到ARA、DHA、EPA和PEA存在时间效应（P≤0.05）。
我们的研究鉴定了成熟母乳中的ECM，并为一个发展中国家存在健康差异的人群提供了首份报告。现有的少数研究是在发达国家进行的。可基于本研究的数据提出未来研究的假设，以帮助阐明ECM成员的具体作用以及该生物系统如何调节婴儿健康和发育。
