Virdis Raffaele
University of Parma,.
Acta Biomed. 2019 May 23;90(2):321-326. doi: 10.23750/abm.v90i2.6944.
Maria Luigia (Marie Louise) of Habsburg, daughter of the Austrian Emperor and, as Napoleon Bonaparte's second wife, Empress of the French, after the defeat of the husband in 1814 was relegated to role of Duchesse of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla. She arrived in Parma in 1816 accompanied by several Austrian army and administrative officials, which were instructing and controlling her, and, willingly, she left to them most of the political and administrative decisions. On the contrary, since the first years she was interested and wanted to take decisions in the field of public health and charity. She opened new specialized hospitals and hospices for poor people, orphans and abandoned children, and, in February of 1820, promulgated the new «Regulations of the vaccinations», an exhaustive and specific code, that was taking into consideration the times, the places, and the people who had to vaccinate or to be vaccinated. Moreover, she fixed the modalities, the incentives, the sanctions, and she also nominated a series of people who had to publicize vaccinations and to help the general population inovercoming fears, prejudices and other causes of distrust. The new dispositions increased the number of vaccinated people in the Duchy, saving it from several epidemics that appeared in the following decades in the neighboring regions (Tuscany, Lombardy). In 1831 and 1832 she issued other two ordinances in which she urged the populations and the doctors to increase the vaccinations, probably after a decrease in interest of both, and introduced new practical arrangements to simplify and to facilitate the practice, ensuring and verifying the outcome. The effectiveness of the provisions of Maria Luigia has been shown by the marked decrease in smallpox epidemics throughout her whole reign, until 1847. Meanwhile after the end of the reign, in the second part of the nineteenth century, there was an increase of epidemics, because the following governments of the Bourbons Duchy (1847-1860) and of the united Italy after 1860 were not as diligent and active on spreading vaccinations.
哈布斯堡的玛丽亚·路易吉娅（玛丽·路易丝），奥地利皇帝之女，作为拿破仑·波拿巴的第二任妻子成为法国皇后。1814年其丈夫战败后，她被贬为帕尔马、皮亚琴察和瓜斯塔拉公国的女公爵。1816年，她在几名奥地利军队和行政官员的陪同下抵达帕尔马，这些官员对她进行指导和控制，而她也心甘情愿地将大部分政治和行政决策交给他们。相反，从最初几年起，她就对公共卫生和慈善领域感兴趣并希望在此做出决策。她为穷人、孤儿和弃儿开设了新的专科医院和收容所，并于1820年2月颁布了新的《疫苗接种条例》，这是一部详尽而具体的法规，考虑到了时间、地点以及必须接种或接受接种的人群。此外，她规定了方式、激励措施、制裁办法，还任命了一系列人员来宣传疫苗接种并帮助民众克服恐惧、偏见及其他不信任的原因。这些新规定增加了公国接种疫苗的人数，使其在接下来几十年里免受邻近地区（托斯卡纳、伦巴第）出现的几次流行病侵袭。1831年和1832年，她又颁布了另外两项法令，在可能出现的接种兴趣下降之后，敦促民众和医生增加疫苗接种，并引入新的实际安排以简化和便利接种工作，确保并核查结果。玛丽亚·路易吉娅的这些规定的有效性在她整个统治时期直至1847年天花流行病显著减少中得到了体现。与此同时，在其统治结束后，19世纪下半叶，流行病有所增加，因为随后的波旁公国政府（1847 - 1860年）以及1860年后统一的意大利政府在推广疫苗接种方面不够勤勉和积极。
