Ramírez-Rivera E J, Rodríguez-Miranda J, Huerta-Mora I R, Cárdenas-Cágal A, Juárez-Barrientos J M
Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Zongolica, Km 4 Carretera a la Compañía S/N, Tepetitlanapa, Zongolica, C.P. 95005, Veracruz, Mexico.
Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Tuxtepec, Av. Dr. Víctor Bravo Ahuja S/N., Col. 5 de mayo, Tuxtepec, C.P. 68350, Oaxaca, Mexico.
Trop Anim Health Prod. 2019 Jul;51(6):1295-1305. doi: 10.1007/s11250-019-01922-1. Epub 2019 May 27.
We reviewed information on dairy cattle production systems in the tropics, the factors involved, and their influence on milk composition. Genetic factors had greater influence on milk production; specialized breeds produced more milk, and there was an inverse relation between the content of fat, protein, total solids, and the amount of milk produced. Season was related to the availability of forage, and the type of grazing system. Greater pasture area increased individual production, while a greater supply of feed concentrate did not increase milk production. The number of calvings positively affected milk production through the fifth calving, with subsequent declines in production. Milk production increased to a maximum and then declined as lactation progressed. Specialized systems had higher production and better hygienic milk quality; milking and container equipment are critical for maintaining milk sanitary quality. Factor interaction is highly complex, preventing the generation of specific recommendations and general principles applicable to the specific conditions for each system.
我们回顾了热带地区奶牛生产系统的相关信息、涉及的因素及其对牛奶成分的影响。遗传因素对产奶量影响更大；专门品种产奶量更高，且脂肪、蛋白质、总固体含量与产奶量之间呈反比关系。季节与草料供应及放牧系统类型有关。更大的牧场面积提高了个体产量，而更多的精饲料供应并未增加产奶量。产犊次数在第五次产犊前对产奶量有积极影响，之后产奶量下降。随着泌乳期推进，产奶量先增加到最大值然后下降。专门化系统产量更高且牛奶卫生质量更好；挤奶和储存设备对于维持牛奶卫生质量至关重要。因素间的相互作用极为复杂，难以得出适用于每个系统具体情况的特定建议和通用原则。
