Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC.
Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Hospital Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Hospitals, Chapel Hill, NC.
Am J Infect Control. 2019 Jun;47S:A3-A9. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2019.01.018.
All invasive procedures involve contact by a medical device or surgical instrument with a patient's sterile tissue or mucous membranes. The level of disinfection or sterilization is dependent on the intended use of the object. Critical (items that contact sterile tissue, such as surgical instruments), semicritical (items that contact mucous membranes, such as endoscopes), and noncritical (devices that contact only intact skin, such as stethoscopes) items require sterilization, high-level disinfection, and low-level disinfection, respectively. Cleaning must always precede high-level disinfection and sterilization. Antiseptics are essential to infection prevention as part of a hand hygiene program, as well as other uses, such as surgical hand antisepsis and preoperative skin preparation.
所有的侵入性操作都需要医疗器械或手术器械与患者的无菌组织或粘膜接触。消毒或灭菌的水平取决于物品的预期用途。关键物品（接触无菌组织的物品，如手术器械）、半关键物品（接触粘膜的物品，如内窥镜）和非关键物品（仅接触完整皮肤的器械，如听诊器）分别需要灭菌、高水平消毒和低水平消毒。清洁必须始终在高水平消毒和灭菌之前进行。防腐剂是感染预防的重要组成部分，作为手卫生计划的一部分，以及其他用途，如手术手消毒和术前皮肤准备。
