Physical Chemical Department, University Institute of Marine Research (INMAR), International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEI.MAR), University of Cadiz, República Saharaui s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
Physical Chemical Department, University Institute of Marine Research (INMAR), International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEI.MAR), University of Cadiz, República Saharaui s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
Chemosphere. 2019 Oct;232:113-120. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.196. Epub 2019 May 23.
The musk fragrances galaxolide (HHCB) and tonalide (AHTN) are compounds of emerging concern that have been found in various environmental compartments. The present study addressed the ability of HHCB and AHTN to elicit the avoidance response in the estuarine shrimp Palaemon varians and to predict the population immediate decline (PID) of P. varians when exposed to HHCB and AHTN by integrating both avoidance (non-forced exposure) and lethality (forced exposure) responses. The avoidance response was tested in a non-forced multi-compartmented static system, in which the shrimps could move freely among the compartments with different concentrations. The shrimps (n = 3 shrimps per compartment/concentration; 18 shrimps per system) were exposed to a gradient (0, 0.005, 0.05, 0.5, 5 and 50 μg/L) of both substances and their positions were checked at every 20 min for a 3 h period. The results from 24-h forced exposure showed no dose-response relationship and the highest percentage mortality was 17% for HHCB at 0.005 and 0.5 μg/L. In the 3-h non-forced exposure to a gradient of HHCB and AHTN, significant concentration-dependent spatial avoidance was observed for both substances. The shrimps avoided the lowest concentration of HHCB and AHTN (0.005 μg/L) by 15% and 16%. The avoidance increased significantly (p < 0.005) to a 61% and 57%, respectively, for the highest concentration (50 μg/L). The population immediate decline was driven by the avoidance behaviour of the shrimps rather than mortality. These results indicated that the aversiveness of HHCB and AHTN might have serious consequences for habitat selection processes by organisms.
麝香香精龙涎内酯 (HHCB) 和檀香内酯 (AHTN) 是具有新兴关注的化合物，已在各种环境介质中被发现。本研究旨在探讨 HHCB 和 AHTN 对河口虾 Palaemon varians 产生回避反应的能力，并通过整合回避（非强制暴露）和致死率（强制暴露）反应，预测 HHCB 和 AHTN 暴露对 Palaemon varians 种群的即时下降（PID）。回避反应在非强制多隔室静态系统中进行测试，虾可以在不同浓度的隔室之间自由移动。虾（每个隔室/浓度 3 只虾；每个系统 18 只虾）暴露于梯度（0、0.005、0.05、0.5、5 和 50μg/L）的两种物质中，每 20 分钟检查一次虾的位置，持续 3 小时。24 小时强制暴露的结果显示没有剂量反应关系，HHCB 在 0.005 和 0.5μg/L 时的最高死亡率为 17%。在 3 小时非强制暴露于 HHCB 和 AHTN 的梯度中，两种物质均表现出显著的浓度依赖性空间回避。虾回避 HHCB 和 AHTN 的最低浓度（0.005μg/L）分别为 15%和 16%。当浓度最高（50μg/L）时，回避率分别显著增加（p<0.005）至 61%和 57%。种群即时下降是由虾的回避行为而不是死亡率驱动的。这些结果表明，HHCB 和 AHTN 的令人厌恶可能对生物体的栖息地选择过程产生严重后果。
