Department of Psychology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, USA.
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA.
J Relig Health. 2020 Jun;59(3):1344-1369. doi: 10.1007/s10943-019-00847-1.
A review of the literature investigating the relationship between religion and spirituality and broad personality traits reveals methodological limitations. The present study sought to contribute to the present literature by investigating differences on personality traits among men and women who identified as either religious only (R), spiritual only (S), both spiritual and religious (B), or neither spiritual nor religious (N). One thousand thirty-seven (1037) adults (M age = 36.34, SD = 12.62) participated online via Amazon's Mechanical Turk as part of a larger study and completed the IPIP-NEO-120, Spiritual Transcendence Scale, Duke University Religion Index, and demographic information. Results revealed that men were more likely to identify as R and N than women, and women were more likely to identify as B than men. Women showed more significant differences among Big Five traits than men. Compared to other women, R-women reported the lowest levels of Openness, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism, and highest levels of Extraversion. N-women reported the highest levels of Neuroticism, while S-women reported highest Openness. Among men, R-men reported the lowest Openness, and S-men reported the highest Openness. B-men reported higher Extraversion than N-men. Additionally, Big Five traits appeared to account for significantly more variance in self-reported religiousness for women than men. Implications of these findings and recommendations for future research are provided and discussed.
对宗教和精神与广泛人格特质之间关系的文献综述揭示了方法学上的局限性。本研究旨在通过调查仅将宗教视为身份认同的男性和女性（R）、仅将精神视为身份认同的男性和女性（S）、将宗教和精神都视为身份认同的男性和女性（B）以及既不将宗教也不将精神视为身份认同的男性和女性（N）之间在人格特质上的差异，为现有文献做出贡献。1037 名成年人（M 年龄=36.34，SD=12.62）通过亚马逊的 Mechanical Turk 在线参与了一项更大规模的研究，并完成了 IPIP-NEO-120、精神超越量表、杜克大学宗教指数和人口统计信息。结果表明，男性比女性更有可能认同 R 和 N，而女性比男性更有可能认同 B。女性在五大特质上的差异比男性更显著。与其他女性相比，R 女性报告的开放性、宜人性和神经质水平最低，外向性水平最高。N 女性报告的神经质水平最高，而 S 女性报告的开放性最高。在男性中，R 男性报告的开放性最低，而 S 男性报告的开放性最高。B 男性的外向性比 N 男性高。此外，五大特质似乎对女性的宗教信仰自评解释力明显大于男性。提供并讨论了这些发现的意义和对未来研究的建议。
