Sustainability America, Sarteneja, Corozal District, Belize.
School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
Theriogenology. 2019 Jul 15;133:187-200. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.03.035.
Current rates of biodiversity loss pose an unprecedented challenge to the conservation community, particularly with amphibians and freshwater fish as the most threatened vertebrates. An increasing number of environmental challenges, including habitat loss, pathogens, and global warming, demand a global response toward the sustainable management of ecosystems and their biodiversity. Conservation Breeding Programs (CBPs) are needed for the sustainable management of amphibian species threatened with extinction. CBPs support species survival while increasing public awareness and political influence. Current CBPs only cater for 10% of the almost 500 amphibian species in need. However, the use of sperm storage to increase efficiency and reliability, along with an increased number of CBPs, offer the potential to significantly reduce species loss. The establishment and refinement of techniques over the last two decades, for the collection and storage of amphibian spermatozoa, gives confidence for their use in CBPs and other biotechnical applications. Cryopreserved spermatozoa has produced breeding pairs of frogs and salamanders and the stage is set for Lifecycle Proof of Concept Programs that use cryopreserved sperm in CBPs along with repopulation, supplementation, and translocation programs. The application of cryopreserved sperm in CBPs, is complimentary to but separate from archival gene banking and general cell and tissue storage. However, where appropriate amphibian sperm banking should be integrated into other global biobanking projects, especially those for fish, and those that include the use of cryopreserved material for genomics and other research. Research over a broader range of amphibian species, and more uniformity in experimental methodology, is needed to inform both theory and application. Genomics is revolutionising our understanding of biological processes and increasingly guiding species conservation through the identification of evolutionary significant units as the conservation focus, and through revealing the intimate relationship between evolutionary history and sperm physiology that ultimately affects the amenability of sperm to refrigerated or frozen storage. In the present review we provide a nascent phylogenetic framework for integration with other research lines to further the potential of amphibian sperm banking.
目前生物多样性的丧失速度给保护界带来了前所未有的挑战，尤其是两栖动物和淡水鱼类等脊椎动物受到的威胁最大。越来越多的环境挑战，包括栖息地丧失、病原体和全球变暖等，需要全球共同应对，以实现生态系统及其生物多样性的可持续管理。对于面临灭绝威胁的两栖物种，需要实施保护繁殖计划（CBPs）以实现可持续管理。CBPs 支持物种生存，同时提高公众意识和政治影响力。目前，只有大约 500 种需要保护的两栖物种中的 10%得到了 CBPs 的照顾。然而，利用精子储存来提高效率和可靠性，以及增加 CBPs 的数量，为显著减少物种丧失提供了潜力。在过去二十年中，为收集和储存两栖动物精子而建立和完善的技术，为在 CBPs 及其他生物技术应用中使用这些技术提供了信心。冷冻保存的精子已经成功地繁殖了青蛙和蝾螈，为使用冷冻保存的精子在 CBPs 中进行生命周期概念验证计划奠定了基础，这些计划包括再引种、补充和转移计划。冷冻保存的精子在 CBPs 中的应用是对档案基因库以及一般细胞和组织储存的补充，但与单独的存档基因库和一般细胞和组织储存不同。然而，在适当的情况下，应该将两栖动物精子库纳入其他全球生物库项目，特别是鱼类项目，以及包括使用冷冻保存材料进行基因组学和其他研究的项目。需要对更广泛的两栖动物物种进行研究，并在实验方法上更加统一，以便为理论和应用提供信息。基因组学正在彻底改变我们对生物过程的理解，并通过确定作为保护重点的具有进化意义的单位，以及揭示进化历史与精子生理学之间的密切关系，从而影响精子对冷藏或冷冻储存的适应性，越来越多地指导物种保护。在本综述中，我们提供了一个初步的系统发育框架，以与其他研究线整合，进一步挖掘两栖动物精子库的潜力。
