Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Dhanbad, 826004, India.
Environ Geochem Health. 2019 Dec;41(6):2731-2747. doi: 10.1007/s10653-019-00329-z. Epub 2019 Jun 3.
Samples of PM were collected on PTFE filters at 11 monitoring stations in Dhanbad, India, from March, 2014, to February, 2015, for the quantification of 10 PM-bound trace elements by using ICP-OES, source apportionment by using principal component analysis and health risks posed by PM-bound trace elements by using health risk assessment model developed by US EPA. The average annual PM concentration (149 ± 66 µg/m) exceeded the national ambient air quality standards by factor of 3.7, US EPA national ambient air quality standards by factor of 10 and WHO air quality guidelines by factor of 15. The sum total of average annual concentration of all PM-bound trace elements was found to be 3.206 µg/m with maximum concentrations of Fe (61%), Zn (21%) and Pb (11%). Coal mining, coal combustion, vehicular emission, tyre and brake wear and re-suspension of road dust were identified as dominant sources of PM-bound trace elements from the results of correlation and chemometric analysis. The significantly high HQ values posed by PM-bound Co and Ni and intensification of HI values (15.7, 10.8 and 8.54 in mining area, transportation routes and institutional area, respectively) for multielemental exposure indicate high potential of non-carcinogenic health risk associated with inhalation exposure. The carcinogenic health risk due to multielemental exposure in mining area (2.27 × 10) and transportation routes (1.57 × 10) for adults were significantly higher than threshold value indicating the vulnerability of adults toward inhalation-induced carcinogenic risk posed by PM-bound trace elements.
2014 年 3 月至 2015 年 2 月,在印度丹巴德的 11 个监测站,使用电感耦合等离子体-光学发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)对聚集体中 10 种痕量元素进行定量分析,通过主成分分析(PCA)对污染源进行解析,并采用美国环保署(EPA)开发的健康风险评估模型,对聚集体中痕量元素对人体健康的危害进行评估。结果表明,聚集体中 PM 浓度的年平均值(149 ± 66 µg/m )超过印度国家空气质量标准 3.7 倍,超过美国 EPA 国家空气质量标准 10 倍,超过世界卫生组织空气质量准则 15 倍。所有聚集体中痕量元素的年平均浓度总和为 3.206 µg/m,其中浓度最高的是 Fe(61%)、Zn(21%)和 Pb(11%)。相关分析和化学计量分析结果表明,煤矿开采、煤炭燃烧、机动车排放、轮胎和刹车片磨损以及道路扬尘的再悬浮是造成聚集体中痕量元素的主要来源。Co 和 Ni 引起的 PM 结合态 HQ 值较高,HI 值(矿区、交通路线和机构区分别为 15.7、10.8 和 8.54)较高,表明多元素暴露会产生较高的非致癌健康风险。矿区(2.27 × 10)和交通路线(1.57 × 10)成年人多元素暴露的致癌健康风险明显高于阈值,表明成年人对 PM 结合态痕量元素吸入致癌风险较为脆弱。