Jawaa Zarin Tasneem, Biswas Karabi Farhana, Khan Md Firoz, Moniruzzaman Mohammad
Department of Environmental Science and Management, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Heliyon. 2024 Feb 6;10(4):e25420. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25420. eCollection 2024 Feb 29.
Air pollution has been creating severe environmental crises in Dhaka. This city ranks at the top among the major cities of the world. A multidimensional study is needed to assess the severity of this crisis. This study aims to determine the sources of trace elements in PM and their effects on health. We measured concentrations of 15 trace elements in PM every hour for eight days using a well-equipped mobile air quality monitoring system integrated with an automatic sampling system (AQMS, Horiba, Japan). We analyzed the concentrations of the trace elements to identify their potential sources and diurnal variation and to compute the respiratory deposition dose of the trace elements to estimate the health risks they pose. The daily average concentration of PM was higher than the allowable limit set by the World Health Organization (WHO). Among the trace elements, sulfur had the highest concentration and vanadium was the lowest. We found out that concentrations of the elements were the highest during the middle of the day and the lowest during midnight. Four source profiles of PM were identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF). Soil dust with sulfur-rich petroleum contributed about 65 %, industrial and non-exhaust emissions about 5 % each, and heavy engine oil combustion about 25 % to air pollution. Air mass backward trajectory analysis indicated that Dhaka's air contains both local and transboundary pollution. According to the determined respiratory deposition dose of the elements, males had higher deposition than females during heavy exercise. Sulfur and vanadium have the highest and lowest respiratory deposition dose, respectively. The highest amount of deposition occurred in the upper airways. We expect that this study will help professionals develop effective strategies to prevent and mitigate the emission of air pollutants.
空气污染一直在达卡引发严重的环境危机。这座城市在世界主要城市中排名靠前。需要进行一项多维度研究来评估这场危机的严重程度。本研究旨在确定细颗粒物中微量元素的来源及其对健康的影响。我们使用配备完善的移动空气质量监测系统与自动采样系统（日本堀场的AQMS），连续八天每小时测量细颗粒物中15种微量元素的浓度。我们分析了这些微量元素的浓度，以确定其潜在来源和日变化，并计算微量元素的呼吸道沉积剂量，以估计它们所带来的健康风险。细颗粒物的日平均浓度高于世界卫生组织（WHO）设定的允许限值。在这些微量元素中，硫的浓度最高，钒的浓度最低。我们发现这些元素的浓度在中午时分最高，午夜时分最低。通过正定矩阵因子分解（PMF）确定了细颗粒物的四种来源特征。富含硫的石油土壤尘埃约占空气污染的65%，工业和非尾气排放各占约5%，重型发动机油燃烧约占25%。气团后向轨迹分析表明，达卡的空气包含本地和跨境污染。根据所确定的元素呼吸道沉积剂量，在剧烈运动期间，男性的沉积量高于女性。硫和钒的呼吸道沉积剂量分别最高和最低。沉积量最高的部位在上呼吸道。我们期望这项研究将有助于专业人员制定有效的策略来预防和减轻空气污染物的排放。
