Alexander Laith, Clarke Hannah F, Roberts Angela C
Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK.
Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK.
Brain Sci. 2019 Jun 3;9(6):129. doi: 10.3390/brainsci9060129.
Subcallosal area 25 is one of the least understood regions of the anterior cingulate cortex, but activity in this area is emerging as a crucial correlate of mood and affective disorder symptomatology. The cortical and subcortical connectivity of area 25 suggests it may act as an interface between the bioregulatory and emotional states that are aberrant in disorders such as depression. However, evidence for such a role is limited because of uncertainty over the functional homologue of area 25 in rodents, which hinders cross-species translation. This emphasizes the need for causal manipulations in monkeys in which area 25, and the prefrontal and cingulate regions in which it is embedded, resemble those of humans more than rodents. In this review, we consider physiological and behavioral evidence from non-pathological and pathological studies in humans and from manipulations of area 25 in monkeys and its putative homologue, the infralimbic cortex (IL), in rodents. We highlight the similarities between area 25 function in monkeys and IL function in rodents with respect to the regulation of reward-driven responses, but also the apparent inconsistencies in the regulation of threat responses, not only between the rodent and monkey literatures, but also within the rodent literature. Overall, we provide evidence for a causal role of area 25 in both the enhanced negative affect and decreased positive affect that is characteristic of affective disorders, and the cardiovascular and endocrine perturbations that accompany these mood changes. We end with a brief consideration of how future studies should be tailored to best translate these findings into the clinic.
胼胝体下区25是前扣带回皮质中了解最少的区域之一，但该区域的活动正逐渐成为情绪和情感障碍症状的关键相关因素。25区的皮质和皮质下连接表明，它可能充当生物调节和情绪状态之间的接口，而这些状态在抑郁症等疾病中是异常的。然而，由于啮齿动物中25区功能同源物的不确定性，这种作用的证据有限，这阻碍了跨物种翻译。这强调了在猴子身上进行因果操纵的必要性，在猴子中，25区及其所嵌入的前额叶和扣带回区域比啮齿动物更类似于人类。在这篇综述中，我们考虑了来自人类非病理和病理研究的生理和行为证据，以及对猴子25区及其假定同源物——啮齿动物的边缘下皮质（IL）的操纵。我们强调了猴子25区功能与啮齿动物IL功能在奖励驱动反应调节方面的相似性，但也指出了在威胁反应调节方面明显的不一致，不仅在啮齿动物和猴子的文献之间，而且在啮齿动物文献内部。总体而言，我们提供了证据，证明25区在情感障碍特有的增强的负面影响和降低的正面影响，以及伴随这些情绪变化的心血管和内分泌紊乱中起因果作用。我们最后简要考虑了未来的研究应如何进行调整，以便最好地将这些发现转化到临床中。
