University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Langackerstrasse 30, CH-4132, Muttenz, Switzerland.
University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Langackerstrasse 30, CH-4132, Muttenz, Switzerland; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich (ETH Zürich), Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollution Dynamics, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland.
J Hazard Mater. 2019 Sep 5;377:215-226. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.05.056. Epub 2019 May 24.
Fungicides are highly used for plant protection but their molecular and chronic effects are poorly known. Here, we analyse transcriptional effects in the brain of honey bees of three frequently applied fungicides, azoxystrobin, chlorothanolin and folpet, after oral exposure for 24, 48 and 72 h. Among transcripts assessed were genes encoding proteins for immune and hormone system regulation, oxidative phosphorylation, metabolism, and acetylcholine receptor alpha 1. Azoxystrobin and folpet induced minor alterations, including down-regulation of hbg-3 by azoxystrobin and induction of ndufb-7 by folpet. Chlorothanolin induced strong transcriptional down-regulation of genes encoding enzymes related to oxidative phosphorylation and metabolism, including cyp9q1, cyp9q2 and cyp9q3, acetylcholine receptor alpha 1 and hbg-3 and ilp-1, which are linked to hormonal regulation and behavioural transition of honey bees. Exposures to chlorothanolin in different seasonal times showed different responsiveness; responses were faster and often stronger in April than in June. Chlorothanolin caused the strongest effects and affected transcriptional abundance of genes related to energy production, metabolism and the endocrine system. Disturbed energy production may reduce foraging activity and hormonal dysregulation, such as the transition of nurse bees to foragers. Further analyses are needed to further substantiate potential adverse effects of chlorothanolin in bees on the physiological level.
杀菌剂被广泛用于植物保护，但它们的分子和慢性作用知之甚少。在这里，我们分析了三种常用杀菌剂（肟菌酯、氯噻啉和灭菌丹）经口服暴露 24、48 和 72 小时后对蜜蜂大脑的转录效应。评估的转录物包括编码免疫和激素系统调节、氧化磷酸化、代谢和乙酰胆碱受体α1的蛋白质的基因。肟菌酯和灭菌丹引起了微小的变化，包括肟菌酯下调 hbg-3 和灭菌丹诱导 ndufb-7。氯噻啉强烈地下调了与氧化磷酸化和代谢相关的酶编码基因，包括 cyp9q1、cyp9q2 和 cyp9q3、乙酰胆碱受体α1、hbg-3 和 ilp-1，这些基因与蜜蜂的激素调节和行为转变有关。在不同季节时间暴露于氯噻啉时表现出不同的反应性；4 月的反应比 6 月更快且通常更强。氯噻啉造成的影响最强，影响了与能量产生、代谢和内分泌系统相关的基因的转录丰度。能量产生的干扰可能会降低觅食活动和激素失调，例如将保育蜂转变为觅食蜂。需要进一步分析来进一步证实氯噻啉对蜜蜂在生理水平上的潜在不良影响。
