Departments of Pediatrics and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, C4-434, Alberta Children's Hospital, 28 Oki Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T3B 6A8, Canada.
Faculty of Health, 337 Norman Bethune College, York University, BC Keele Campus, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada.
BMC Public Health. 2019 Jun 11;19(1):728. doi: 10.1186/s12889-019-7024-6.
Active transportation, such as walking and biking, is a healthy way for children to explore their environment and develop independence. However, children can be injured while walking and biking. Many cities make changes to the built environment (e.g., traffic calming features, separated bike lanes) to keep people safe. There is some research on how effective these changes are in preventing adult pedestrians and bicyclists from getting hurt, but very little research has been done to show how safe various environments are for children and youth. Our research program will study how features of the built environment affect whether children travel (e.g., to school) using active modes, and whether certain features increase or decrease their likelihood of injury.
First, we will use a cross-sectional study design to estimate associations between objectively measured built environment and objectively measured active transportation to school among child elementary students. We will examine the associations between objectively measured built environment and child and youth pedestrian-motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) and bicyclist-MVCs. We will also use these data to determine the space-time distribution of pedestrian-MVCs and bicyclist-MVCs. Second, we will use a case-crossover design to compare the built environment characteristics of the site where child and youth bicyclists sustain emergency department reported injuries and two randomly selected sites (control sites) along the bicyclist's route before the injury occurred. Third, to identify implementation strategies for built environment change at the municipal level to encourage active transportation we will conduct: 1) an environmental scan, 2) key informant interviews, 3) focus groups, and 4) a national survey to identify facilitators and barriers for implementing built environment change in municipalities. Finally, we will develop a built environment implementation toolkit to promote active transportation and prevent child pedestrian and bicyclist injuries.
This program of research will identify the built environment associated with active transportation safety and form an evidence base from which municipalities can draw information to support change. Our team's national scope will be invaluable in providing information regarding the variability in built environment characteristics and is vital to producing evidence-based recommendations that will increase safe active transportation.
积极的交通方式，如步行和骑自行车，是儿童探索环境和培养独立性的健康方式。 然而，儿童在步行和骑自行车时可能会受伤。 许多城市会对建成环境进行改变（例如交通减速措施、自行车专用道）以保障人们的安全。 有一些关于这些变化在防止成人行人及骑自行车者受伤方面的有效性的研究，但很少有研究表明各种环境对儿童和青少年的安全性。 我们的研究项目将研究建成环境的特征如何影响儿童（例如，上学）使用积极模式的出行情况，以及某些特征是否会增加或减少他们受伤的可能性。
首先，我们将使用横断面研究设计来估计客观测量的建成环境与小学生上学时的客观测量的积极交通方式之间的关联。 我们将研究客观测量的建成环境与儿童和青少年行人和机动车碰撞（MVC）及骑自行车人和 MVC 之间的关联。 我们还将使用这些数据来确定行人和 MVC 及骑自行车人和 MVC 的时空分布。 其次，我们将使用病例交叉设计来比较儿童和青少年骑自行车者在急诊部报告受伤的地点以及受伤前沿自行车路线随机选择的两个地点（对照地点）的建成环境特征。 第三，为了确定在市级层面进行建成环境改变的实施策略以鼓励积极交通，我们将进行： 1）环境扫描，2）关键知情人访谈，3）焦点小组，4）全国调查，以确定在城市实施建成环境改变的促进因素和障碍。 最后，我们将开发一个建成环境实施工具包，以促进积极交通并预防儿童行人及骑自行车者受伤。
该研究计划将确定与积极交通安全性相关的建成环境，并为市政当局提供支持变革的信息基础。 我们团队的全国范围将非常宝贵，可提供有关建成环境特征的可变性的信息，对于产生基于证据的建议至关重要，这些建议将增加安全的积极交通。
