Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
Cognitive Science Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
Nat Hum Behav. 2019 Jun;3(6):636-645. doi: 10.1038/s41562-019-0551-4. Epub 2019 Mar 11.
Effective decision-making requires integrating evidence over time. For simple perceptual decisions, previous work suggests that humans and animals can integrate evidence over time, but not optimally. This suboptimality could arise from sources including neuronal noise, weighting evidence unequally over time (that is, the 'integration kernel'), previous trial effects and an overall bias. Here, using an auditory evidence accumulation task in humans, we report that people exhibit all four suboptimalities, some of which covary across the population. Pupillometry shows that only noise and the integration kernel are related to the change in pupil response. Moreover, these two different suboptimalities were related to different aspects of the pupil signal, with the individual differences in pupil response associated with individual differences in the integration kernel, while trial-by-trial fluctuations in pupil response were associated with trial-by-trial fluctuations in noise. These results suggest that different suboptimalities relate to distinct pupil-linked processes, possibly related to tonic and phasic norepinephrine activity.
有效的决策需要随时间整合证据。对于简单的感知决策，先前的工作表明人类和动物可以随时间整合证据，但并非最优。这种次优性可能源于包括神经元噪声、随时间不等加权证据（即“积分核”）、先前试验效应和整体偏差在内的多种来源。在这里，我们使用人类的听觉证据积累任务报告说，人们表现出所有四种次优性，其中一些在人群中具有相关性。瞳孔测量表明，只有噪声和积分核与瞳孔反应的变化有关。此外，这两种不同的次优性与瞳孔信号的不同方面相关，瞳孔反应的个体差异与积分核的个体差异相关，而瞳孔反应的逐次波动与噪声的逐次波动相关。这些结果表明，不同的次优性与不同的瞳孔相关过程相关，可能与紧张和阶段性去甲肾上腺素活动有关。
