世界排名游泳运动员的早期专项化和成功的一般模式的影响。
Influence of early specialization in world-ranked swimmers and general patterns to success.
机构信息
Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Castilla la Mancha, Toledo, Spain.
Department of Statistics, University of Castilla la Mancha, San Pedro Mártir, Toledo, Spain.
出版信息
PLoS One. 2019 Jun 20;14(6):e0218601. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218601. eCollection 2019.
OBJECTIVES
The primary goal was to examine the influence of early specialization on the performance of senior elite swimmers. Secondly, to provide information about the influence of swim style, distance, sex, status, country, years of high-level competition (YHLC) and age in swimmer's performance.
DESIGN
Data was obtained from International Federation of Swimming (FINA) regarding the participants 2006-2017 of junior and senior World Championships (WCs). The final filtered database included 4076 swimmers after removing those participating only in junior WCs.
METHOD
Cramer V coefficient, double and triple-entry tables were used to measure the relationship between the positions occupied in junior and senior phases. A One-Way ANOVA analysis was used to explain the variables time and rank between swimmers who participated in junior and senior WC or just in senior in all the distances and swim styles (SS). A univariate general linear model (GLM) was used to examine the association between time/rank and category (swimmers that participated previously in junior WC or not); YHLC; country; status (highest finishing position: final/semi-final/heats) and age.
RESULTS
Significant differences (p < .001) were found in the GLM, with Rank as dependent variable, for all the variables. Showing that swimmers that participated previously in junior categories obtained greater results in all the interactions, except in 1500m freestyle. Significant differences (p < .001) were found between the variables position and YHLC, showing the variable position improvements as swimmers attended more WCs.
CONCLUSION
Competing in junior WC has a positive influence in achieve posteriori success in FINA WC. YHLC have a positive impact to achieve better positions.
目的
主要目的是研究早期专业化对高级精英游泳运动员表现的影响。其次，提供有关游泳风格、距离、性别、地位、国家、高水平比赛年限（YHLC）和年龄对游泳运动员表现影响的信息。
设计
数据来自国际游泳联合会（FINA），涉及 2006 年至 2017 年青少年和高级世界锦标赛（WCs）的参与者。在删除仅参加青少年 WCs 的参与者后，最终筛选的数据库包括 4076 名游泳运动员。
方法
使用 Cramer V 系数、双表和三表来衡量青少年和高级阶段所占据位置之间的关系。单向方差分析用于解释在所有距离和游泳风格（SS）中参加青少年和高级 WC 或仅在高级 WC 中参加的游泳运动员之间的时间和排名变量。使用单变量一般线性模型（GLM）来检查时间/排名与类别（以前是否参加过青少年 WC）；YHLC；国家；地位（最高完赛名次：决赛/半决赛/预赛）和年龄之间的关联。
结果
GLM 中存在显著差异（p<0.001），作为因变量的 Rank 变量，所有变量均如此。这表明，以前参加过青少年组别的游泳运动员在所有的相互作用中都取得了更好的成绩，除了在 1500 米自由泳中。在位置和 YHLC 变量之间发现了显著差异（p<0.001），表明随着游泳运动员参加更多的 WCs，位置变量得到了改善。
结论
参加青少年 WC 对在 FINA WC 中取得后来的成功有积极影响。YHLC 对取得更好的名次有积极影响。
Zotero 插件