P McCarty Elizabeth, Addesso Karla M
Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793.
Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Otis L. Floyd Nursery Research Center, Tennessee State University, McMinnville, TN 37110.
J Insect Sci. 2019 Mar 1;19(2). doi: 10.1093/jisesa/iez031.
Hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae (Annand) (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), has caused significant damage to both eastern [Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière] and Carolina hemlock (Tsuga caroliniana Englemann) (Pinales: Pinaceae) since it was first reported in the eastern United States. This adelgid is particularly damaging to these hemlock species due to a lack of co-evolved plant defenses and natural enemies able to suppress hemlock woolly adelgid populations. Management of hemlock woolly adelgid relies heavily on insecticides to prevent death of vulnerable trees. Biological control programs have released natural enemies of hemlock woolly adelgid to aid in control at the landscape level. Quarantine restrictions on hemlock are in place in some regions of the United States and Canada. These quarantines impact sales and shipment of hemlock trees from nurseries as well as other hemlock products. A review of insect biology, description of life stages, damage, management options, and quarantine restrictions for hemlock woolly adelgid is presented.
铁杉球蚜，学名冷杉球蚜（Adelges tsugae (Annand)）（半翅目：球蚜科），自首次在美国东部被发现以来，已对东部铁杉（加拿大铁杉（Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière））和卡罗莱纳铁杉（Tsuga caroliniana Englemann）（松目：松科）造成了严重损害。由于缺乏共同进化的植物防御机制和能够抑制铁杉球蚜种群的天敌，这种球蚜对这些铁杉物种具有特别大的破坏性。铁杉球蚜的防治严重依赖杀虫剂以防止易受害树木死亡。生物防治项目已释放铁杉球蚜的天敌，以在景观层面协助防治。美国和加拿大的一些地区对铁杉实施了检疫限制。这些检疫措施影响了苗圃中铁杉树以及其他铁杉产品的销售和运输。本文对铁杉球蚜的昆虫生物学、生活阶段描述、危害、管理选项及检疫限制进行了综述。
