Department of Science, College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Egaila, Kuwait.
Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
Microrna. 2020;9(2):93-100. doi: 10.2174/2211536608666190625120127.
Signaling pathways including gene silencing, cellular differentiation, homeostasis, development and apoptosis are regulated and controlled by a wide range of miRNAs.
Due to their potential binding sites in human-protein coding genes, many studies have also linked their altered expressions in various cancer types making them tumor suppressors agents.
Moreover, each miRNA is predicted to have many mRNA targets indicating their extensive regulatory role in cell survival and developmental processes. Nowadays, diagnosis of early cancer stage development is now dependent on variable miRNA expression levels as potential oncogenic biomarkers in validating and targeting microRNAs for cancer therapy.
As the majority of miRNA, transcripts are derived from RNA polymerase II-directed transcription, stress response could result on a general reduction in the abundance of these transcripts. Over expression of various microRNAs have lead to B cell malignancy, potentiated KrasG12Dinduced lung tumorigenesis, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, lymphoproliferative disease and autoimmunity.
Altered miRNA expressions could have a significant impact on the abundance of proteins, making them attractive candidates as biomarkers for cancer detection and important regulators of apoptosis.
包括基因沉默、细胞分化、内稳态、发育和细胞凋亡在内的信号通路受到广泛 miRNA 的调控和控制。
由于它们在人类蛋白编码基因中的潜在结合位点，许多研究还将其在各种癌症类型中的异常表达与肿瘤抑制因子联系起来。
此外，每个 miRNA 预计有许多 mRNA 靶标，这表明它们在细胞存活和发育过程中具有广泛的调节作用。如今，早期癌症阶段发展的诊断现在依赖于可变 miRNA 表达水平，作为验证和靶向 microRNAs 进行癌症治疗的潜在致癌生物标志物。
由于大多数 miRNA 转录物是由 RNA 聚合酶 II 指导的转录产生的，应激反应可能导致这些转录物的丰度普遍降低。各种 microRNAs 的过度表达导致 B 细胞恶性肿瘤、增强 KrasG12D 诱导的肺肿瘤发生、慢性淋巴细胞白血病、淋巴增生性疾病和自身免疫。
miRNA 表达的改变可能对蛋白质的丰度产生重大影响，使它们成为癌症检测的有吸引力的候选生物标志物，并成为细胞凋亡的重要调节剂。
