Faculty of Aquatic Sciences, Marine Biology Department, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
School of Applied Sciences, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey.
Environ Monit Assess. 2019 Jun 27;191(7):469. doi: 10.1007/s10661-019-7588-8.
Sapanca Lake is important as a source of drinking water. In this study, we aimed to detect the bacterial quality, the frequency of bacterial antibiotic and heavy metal resistance, and bioindicator bacteria in the water samples taken from Sapanca Lake in the period between 2008 and 2010. The resistance of bacterial isolates to certain antibiotics and heavy metal salts was investigated using disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration techniques. Bacterial metabolic reactions were tested using the VITEK 2 Compact 30 micro identification system for identification of cultivable bacteria. Twenty-seven bacteria species belonging to three classes-Gammaproteobacteria, Bacilli, Flavobacteria-were recorded for the first time in Sapanca Lake. The highest indicator bacteria were recorded as 71 ± 3.1 × 10 CFU/100 ml in the summer season. The highest bacterial resistance was recorded as 90.47% against vancomycin in a total of 84 strains. Ampicillin (88.10%) and amoxicillin-clavulanate (64.29%) followed them. The resistance varied between 10.71 and 59.52% against cefuroxime, kanamycin, aztreonam, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, and oxacillin. The highest frequency against heavy metal salts was recorded as 74.19% against NiCl. The heavy metal resistance against Cu, Zn, Hg, and Cd detected as 52.38%, 46.42%, 33.33%, and 26.19%, respectively. The results showed that the occurrence of heavy metals and antibiotic sources in Sapanca Lake induced a tolerance in bacteria for the metal salts and antibiotic derivatives tested. The fluctuations in the indicator bacteria and the occurrence of pathogenic bacteria also showed the possibility that the coastal areas of Sapanca Lake had been exposed to contamination due to inadequate sewage treatment.
萨潘恰湖是重要的饮用水源。本研究旨在检测 2008 年至 2010 年间取自萨潘恰湖的水样中的细菌质量、细菌对抗生素和重金属耐药的频率以及生物指示剂细菌。采用圆盘扩散法和最小抑菌浓度法检测细菌分离株对某些抗生素和重金属盐的耐药性。使用 VITEK 2 Compact 30 微鉴定系统测试细菌的代谢反应，以鉴定可培养细菌。在萨潘恰湖首次记录到属于γ变形菌纲、芽孢杆菌纲和黄杆菌纲的 27 种细菌。在夏季，指示菌数量最高，记录为 71±3.1×10 CFU/100ml。在总共 84 株菌中，对万古霉素的耐药率最高，为 90.47%。氨苄西林（88.10%）和阿莫西林-克拉维酸（64.29%）紧随其后。头孢呋辛、卡那霉素、氨曲南、头孢他啶、头孢噻肟和苯唑西林的耐药率在 10.71%至 59.52%之间。对 NiCl 的耐药率最高，为 74.19%。对 Cu、Zn、Hg 和 Cd 的重金属耐药率分别为 52.38%、46.42%、33.33%和 26.19%。结果表明，萨潘恰湖重金属和抗生素来源的存在诱导了细菌对测试金属盐和抗生素衍生物的耐受性。指示菌的波动和致病菌的出现也表明，萨潘恰湖沿海地区可能因污水处理不足而受到污染。
