Environ Monit Assess. 2014 Jan;186(1):407-13. doi: 10.1007/s10661-013-3385-y.
The aim of the present study was to determine the level of antibiotic resistance patterns and distribution of heavy metal resistance of bacterial isolates from aquatic animals (Lissotriton vulgaris, Pelophylax ridibundus, Emys orbicularis, Mauremys rivulata, and Natrix natrix) in Turkey (Kavak Delta). A total of 153 bacteria have been successfully isolated from cloaca and oral samples of the aquatic amphibians and reptilians which were found, namely, Aeromonas sp. (n = 29), Plesiomonas sp. (n = 7), Vibrio sp. (n = 12), Citrobacter sp. (n = 12), Enterobacter sp. (n = 11), Escherichia sp. (n = 22), Klebsiella sp. (n = 22), Edwardsiella sp. (n = 6), Hafnia sp. (n = 1), Proteus sp. (n = 19), Providencia sp. (n = 8), and Pseudomonas sp. (n = 4). In terms of antibiotic and heavy metal susceptibility testing, each isolate was tested against 12 antibiotics and 4 metals. There was a high incidence of resistance to cefoxitin (46.40 %), ampicillin (44.44 %), erythromycin (35.29 %), and a low incidence of resistance to gentamicin (6.53 %), kanamycin (8.49 %), chloramphenicol (9.15 %), and cefotaxime (10.45 %). The multiple antibiotic resistance index of each bacterial species indicated that bacteria from raised amphibians and reptiles have been exposed to tested antibiotics, with results ranging from 0 to 0.58. Most isolates showed tolerance to different concentrations of heavy metals, and minimal inhibition concentrations ranged from100 to >3,200 μg/mL. According to these results, a significant occurrence of bacteria in the internal organs of reptiles and amphibians, with a high incidence of resistance against antibiotics and heavy metals, may risk aquatic animals and the public health. These data appoint the importance of epidemiological surveillance and microbiological monitoring and reinforce the need to implement environment protection programs for amphibian and reptile species.
本研究旨在确定土耳其（卡瓦克三角洲）水生动物（普通蝾螈、中华蟾蜍、中华鳖、红腹锦龟和水蛇）分离细菌的抗生素耐药模式水平和重金属耐药分布。从发现的水生两栖类和爬行类的泄殖腔和口腔样本中成功分离出 153 株细菌，分别为气单胞菌属（n=29）、类志贺邻单胞菌（n=7）、弧菌属（n=12）、柠檬酸杆菌属（n=12）、肠杆菌属（n=11）、大肠埃希氏菌属（n=22）、克雷伯氏菌属（n=22）、爱德华菌属（n=6）、哈夫尼亚菌属（n=1）、变形杆菌属（n=19）、普罗威登斯菌属（n=8）和假单胞菌属（n=4）。在抗生素和重金属药敏试验方面，每种分离株均针对 12 种抗生素和 4 种金属进行了测试。头孢西丁（46.40%）、氨苄西林（44.44%）和红霉素（35.29%）的耐药率较高，而庆大霉素（6.53%）、卡那霉素（8.49%）、氯霉素（9.15%）和头孢噻肟（10.45%）的耐药率较低。每种细菌的多重抗生素耐药指数表明，来自饲养的两栖类和爬行类的细菌已经接触过测试的抗生素，结果范围为 0 至 0.58。大多数分离株对不同浓度的重金属表现出耐受性，最小抑菌浓度范围为 100 至 >3,200μg/ml。根据这些结果，爬行类和两栖类动物内脏中存在大量细菌，对抗生素和重金属的耐药率较高，可能会对水生动物和公共健康造成威胁。这些数据表明了对两栖类和爬行类动物进行流行病学监测和微生物监测的重要性，并加强了实施针对两栖类和爬行类物种的环境保护计划的必要性。
