Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Department of Food and Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Reproduction. 2019 Nov;158(5):R189-R196. doi: 10.1530/REP-19-0147.
In humans, pregnancy maintenance depends on normal placental formation following trophoblast invasion into the endometrium and vascular remodeling. In the early stages of pregnancy, immune tolerance, inflammatory response and adaptation to hypoxia need to be precisely regulated in the placental microenvironment. Various types of cells, such as trophoblasts, endothelial cells, immune cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and adipocytes, induce normal placental development via intercellular interactions through soluble factors. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are used to diagnose various diseases because their constituents vary depending on the type of cell of origin and pathological characteristics. EV-derived microRNAs (miRNAs) and proteins in the placenta regulate inflammatory responses and the invasion of trophoblasts through intercellular delivery in the placental microenvironment. If the placenta does not adapt to the changed environment during early pregnancy, pregnancy disorders such as pre-eclampsia, preterm birth and gestational diabetes mellitus can occur. Thus, the important roles of EVs during pregnancy and development is fast emerging. This review describes the physiological role of EVs during placentation and their composition in the human placenta. It also suggests the possibility of finding EV markers that can diagnose pregnancy disorders. Furthermore, it describes the properties of EVs that affect pregnancy in livestock.
在人类中，妊娠的维持依赖于滋养细胞侵入子宫内膜和血管重塑后正常胎盘的形成。在妊娠早期，胎盘微环境中需要精确调节免疫耐受、炎症反应和对缺氧的适应。各种类型的细胞，如滋养细胞、内皮细胞、免疫细胞、间充质干细胞（MSCs）和脂肪细胞，通过可溶性因子通过细胞间相互作用诱导正常胎盘发育。外泌体（EVs）因其组成取决于起源细胞类型和病理特征而用于诊断各种疾病。胎盘来源的 EV 衍生的 microRNAs（miRNAs）和蛋白质通过在胎盘微环境中的细胞间传递来调节炎症反应和滋养细胞的侵入。如果胎盘在妊娠早期不能适应环境变化，则可能发生妊娠并发症，如子痫前期、早产和妊娠期糖尿病。因此，EV 在妊娠和发育过程中的重要作用正在迅速显现。本文描述了 EV 在胎盘形成过程中的生理作用及其在人胎盘中的组成。它还提出了寻找可诊断妊娠并发症的 EV 标志物的可能性。此外，它还描述了影响家畜妊娠的 EV 特性。
