Orenes Isabel, García-Madruga Juan A, Gómez-Veiga Isabel, Espino Orlando, Byrne Ruth M J
Department of Basic Psychology I, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain.
Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology (UNED), Madrid, Spain.
Front Psychol. 2019 Jun 14;10:1172. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01172. eCollection 2019.
Three experiments tracked participants' eye-movements to examine the time course of comprehension of the dual meaning of counterfactuals, such as "if there had been oranges then there would have been pears." Participants listened to conditionals while looking at images in the visual world paradigm, including an image of oranges and pears that corresponds to the counterfactual's conjecture, and one of no oranges and no pears that corresponds to its presumed facts, to establish at what point in time they consider each one. The results revealed striking individual differences: some participants looked at the negative image and the affirmative one, and some only at the affirmative image. The first experiment showed that participants who looked at the negative image increased their fixation on it within half a second. The second experiment showed they do so even without explicit instructions, and the third showed they do so even for printed words.
三项实验追踪了参与者的眼动情况，以研究对反事实条件句双重含义的理解时间进程，例如“如果当时有橙子，那么就会有梨”。在视觉世界范式中，参与者听条件句的同时观看图像，其中包括与反事实条件句的推测相对应的橙子和梨的图像，以及与假定事实相对应的没有橙子和没有梨的图像，以此确定他们在什么时间点关注每一幅图像。结果显示出显著的个体差异：一些参与者既看否定图像也看肯定图像，而一些参与者只看肯定图像。第一个实验表明，看否定图像的参与者在半秒内会增加对该图像的注视。第二个实验表明，即使没有明确指示他们也会这样做，第三个实验表明，即使对于印刷文字他们也会这样做。
