UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005, Paris, France.
UMR GENIAL Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91300, Massy, France.
Appetite. 2019 Nov 1;142:104345. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104345. Epub 2019 Jul 2.
Meat consumption in Western countries is declining and, while the proportion of strict vegetarians remains low, intermediate diets such as flexitarianism have been developing in recent years. Our objectives were to identify the different levels of transition towards low-meat diets, characterize how these diets differ in terms of food intake, and identify whether attitudes and beliefs can explain these degrees of transition. In a representative survey of the French adult population conducted in 2018 (n = 2055), participants declared whether they followed a particular diet and completed a food frequency questionnaire on 29 food sources of protein and a questionnaire on their attitudes and beliefs regarding protein sources. We identified four dietary types based on these declarative data: vegetarians, flexitarians, pro-flexitarians and omnivores. The theory of planned behavior was used to predict meat intake and intentions to reduce meat intake. The sample contained 2.5% vegetarians, 6.3% flexitarians, 18.2% pro-flexitarians and 72.9% omnivores. The diet groups displayed specific dietary profiles and attitudinal scores. Compared with omnivores, pro-flexitarians consumed less red meat, more vegetables and legumes and were much more in agreement about the environmental impacts of meat. Compared with pro-flexitarians, flexitarians consumed less red meat and processed meat, and agreed much more about the health impacts of meat. Finally, versus flexitarians, vegetarians consumed almost no meat but far more legumes, nuts and seeds, and were much more sensitive to animal welfare issues. Attitudes, social norms and perceived behavioral control (PBC) predicted intentions to reduce meat consumption but attitude was the most important predictor. Intentions and PBC were both predictive of meat consumption. The dietary type related to the level of meat intake could be predicted by self-declared attitudes and beliefs regarding protein sources.
西方国家的肉类消费正在下降，虽然严格素食者的比例仍然很低，但近年来，介于严格素食和杂食之间的饮食方式（如弹性素食）已经有所发展。我们的目标是确定向低肉类饮食转变的不同程度，描述这些饮食在食物摄入方面的差异，并确定态度和信念是否可以解释这些转变程度。在 2018 年进行的一项针对法国成年人口的代表性调查（n=2055）中，参与者报告了他们是否遵循特定的饮食，并完成了一份关于 29 种蛋白质来源的食物频率问卷和一份关于他们对蛋白质来源的态度和信念的问卷。我们根据这些陈述性数据确定了四种饮食类型：素食者、弹性素食者、前弹性素食者和杂食者。计划行为理论被用来预测肉类摄入量和减少肉类摄入量的意图。样本中包含 2.5%的素食者、6.3%的弹性素食者、18.2%的前弹性素食者和 72.9%的杂食者。饮食组显示出特定的饮食模式和态度评分。与杂食者相比，前弹性素食者摄入的红肉、蔬菜和豆类较少，对肉类的环境影响更为一致。与前弹性素食者相比，弹性素食者摄入的红肉和加工肉类较少，对肉类的健康影响更为一致。最后，与弹性素食者相比，素食者几乎不吃肉，但豆类、坚果和种子摄入更多，对动物福利问题更为敏感。态度、社会规范和感知行为控制（PBC）预测了减少肉类消费的意图，但态度是最重要的预测因素。意图和 PBC 都可以预测肉类消费。与肉类摄入量相关的饮食类型可以通过自我报告的关于蛋白质来源的态度和信念来预测。
