Whole Slide Imaging for High-Throughput Sensing Antibiotic Resistance at Single-Bacterium Level and Its Application to Rapid Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing.

Since conventional culture-based antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) methods are too time-consuming (typically 24-72 h), rapid AST is urgently needed for preventing the increasing emergence and spread of antibiotic resistant infections. Although several phenotypic antibiotic resistance sensing modalities are able to reduce the AST time to a few hours or less, concerning the biological heterogeneity, their accuracy or limit of detection are limited by low throughput. Here, we present a rapid AST method based on whole slide imaging (WSI)-enabled high-throughput sensing antibiotic resistance at single-bacterium level. The time for determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was theoretically shortest, which ensures that the growth of each individual cell present in a large population is inhibited. As a demonstration, our technique was able to sense the growth of at least several thousand bacteria at single-cell level. Reliable MIC of against gentamicin was obtained within 1 h, while the gold standard broth dilution method required at least 16 h for the same result. In addition, the application of our method prevails over other imaging-based AST approaches in allowing rapid and accurate determination of antibiotic susceptibility for phenotypically heterogeneous samples, in which the number of antibiotic resistant cells was negligible compared to that of the susceptible cells. Hence, our method shows great promise for both rapid AST determination and point-of-care testing of complex clinical bacteria isolates.