State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
School of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Jul 3;20(13):3270. doi: 10.3390/ijms20133270.
Plant growth and morphogenesis largely benefit from cell elongation and expansion and are normally regulated by environmental stimuli and endogenous hormones. Auxin, as one of the most significant plant growth regulators, controls various phases of plant growth and development. The PIN-FORMED (PIN) gene family of trans-membrane proteins considered as auxin efflux carriers plays a pivotal role in polar auxin transport and then mediates the growth of different plant tissues. In this study, the phylogenetic relationship and structural compositions of the PIN gene family in 19 plant species covering plant major lineages from algae to angiosperms were identified and analyzed by employing multiple bioinformatics methods. A total of 155 PIN genes were identified in these species and found that representative of the PIN gene family in algae came into existence and rapidly expanded in angiosperms (seed plants). The phylogenetic analysis indicated that the PIN proteins could be divided into 14 distinct clades, and the origin of PIN proteins could be traced back to the common ancestor of green algae. The structural analysis revealed that two putative types (canonical and noncanonical PINs) existed among the PIN proteins according to the length and the composition of the hydrophilic domain of the protein. The expression analysis of the PIN genes exhibited inordinate responsiveness to auxin (IAA) and ABA both in shoots and roots of . While the majority of the were up-regulated in shoot and down-regulated in root by the two hormones. The majority of PIN genes had one or more putative auxin responses and ABA-inducible response elements in their promoter regions, respectively, implying that these phytohormones regulated the expression of genes. Our study emphasized the origin and expansion of the PIN gene family and aimed at providing useful insights for further structural and functional exploration of the PIN gene family in the future.
植物的生长和形态发生主要受益于细胞的伸长和扩张，通常受到环境刺激和内源性激素的调节。生长素作为最重要的植物生长调节剂之一，控制着植物生长和发育的各个阶段。质膜蛋白 PIN 家族被认为是生长素外排载体，在极性生长素运输中发挥关键作用，从而介导不同植物组织的生长。在这项研究中，采用多种生物信息学方法，鉴定和分析了涵盖从藻类到被子植物的植物主要谱系的 19 种植物物种中的 PIN 基因家族的系统发育关系和结构组成。在这些物种中总共鉴定出 155 个 PIN 基因，发现藻类中 PIN 基因家族的代表存在，并在被子植物（种子植物）中迅速扩张。系统发育分析表明，PIN 蛋白可分为 14 个不同的分支，PIN 蛋白的起源可追溯到绿藻的共同祖先。结构分析表明，根据蛋白亲水域的长度和组成，PIN 蛋白存在两种假定类型（典型和非典型 PIN）。PIN 基因的表达分析表明，在茎和根中，生长素（IAA）和 ABA 都表现出异常的反应性。而大多数在激素处理后，在茎中上调，在根中下调。大多数 PIN 基因在启动子区域具有一个或多个假定的生长素反应和 ABA 诱导反应元件，表明这些植物激素调节 PIN 基因的表达。我们的研究强调了 PIN 基因家族的起源和扩张，旨在为未来进一步结构和功能探索 PIN 基因家族提供有用的见解。
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