SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway.
SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway; Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, Trondheim, Norway.
Mar Environ Res. 2019 Sep;150:104753. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.104753. Epub 2019 Jul 3.
During accidental crude oil spills and permitted discharges of produced water into the marine environment, a large fraction of naturally occurring oil components will be contained in micron-sized oil droplets. Toxicity is assumed to be associated with the dissolved fraction of oil components, however the potential contribution of oil droplets to toxicity is currently not well known. In the present work we wanted to evaluate the contribution of oil droplets to effects on normal development of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) through exposing embryos for 96 h to un-filtered (dispersions containing droplets) and filtered (water soluble fractions) dispersions in a flow-through system at dispersion concentrations ranging from 0.14 to 4.34 mg oil/L. After exposure, the embryos were kept in clean seawater until hatch when survival, development and morphology were assessed. The experiment was performed at two different stages of embryonic development to cover two potentially sensitive stages (gastrulation and organogenesis). Exposure of cod embryos to crude oil dispersions caused acute and delayed toxicity, including manifestation of morphological deformations in hatched larvae. Oil droplets appear to contribute to some of the observed effects including mortality, larvae condition (standard length, body surface, and yolk sac size), spinal deformations as well as alterations in craniofacial and jaw development. The timing of exposure may be essential for the development of effects as higher acute mortality was observed when embryos were exposed from the start of gastrulation (Experiment 1) than when exposed during organogenesis (Experiment 2). Even though low mortality was observed when exposed during organogenesis, concentration-dependent mortality was observed during recovery.
在意外的原油泄漏和允许的生产水排放到海洋环境中，大量天然存在的石油成分将包含在微米大小的油滴中。毒性被认为与油成分的溶解部分有关，然而油滴对毒性的潜在贡献目前还不是很清楚。在本研究中，我们希望通过在 96 小时内将胚胎暴露于过滤（含有油滴的分散体）和未过滤（水溶性部分）分散体中，评估油滴对大西洋鳕鱼（Gadus morhua）正常发育的影响，在流动系统中，分散浓度范围从 0.14 到 4.34mg 油/L。暴露后，胚胎在清洁海水中保存至孵化，此时评估存活率、发育和形态。该实验在胚胎发育的两个不同阶段进行，以覆盖两个潜在敏感阶段（原肠胚形成和器官发生）。鳕鱼胚胎暴露于原油分散体中会引起急性和延迟毒性，包括孵化幼虫出现形态畸形。油滴似乎对一些观察到的影响有贡献，包括死亡率、幼虫状况（标准长度、身体表面和卵黄囊大小）、脊柱畸形以及颅面和颌骨发育的改变。暴露时间可能对效应的发展至关重要，因为当胚胎从原肠胚形成开始暴露（实验 1）时，急性死亡率高于当胚胎在器官发生时暴露（实验 2）时。尽管在器官发生时暴露观察到低死亡率，但在恢复期间观察到浓度依赖性死亡率。
