Nuel Ivane, Fayant Marie-Pierre, Alexopoulos Theodore
Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale, Université de Paris, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
Front Psychol. 2019 Jun 25;10:1418. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01418. eCollection 2019.
Approach and avoidance orientations are key elements of adaptive regulation at the evaluation-behavior interface. On the one hand, continuous evaluations of the world fuel approach-avoidance reactions as a function of the individual's immediate environment. On the other hand, in turn these individual-environment adjustments influence evaluations. A grounded perspective of social cognition, placing the sensorimotor aspects of individual-environment interactions at the core of cognition, has much to offer for the understanding of evaluative processes. Despite the growing enthusiasm for a grounded view of cognition and action in the approach-avoidance literature, its core principles are seldom reflected at the operationalization level. In this paper, we relied on the insights of a grounded perspective to propose more encompassing operationalizations of approach-avoidance orientations and investigate their influence on evaluations. Across six studies, we varied the approach-avoidance operationalizations (upper-body incline, upper-body posture and walking steps) and incrementally considered the grounded assumptions. We failed to obtain the theorized positive effect of approach (as compared to avoidance) on evaluations. Interestingly, further exploratory analyses on two studies conducted in Virtual Reality suggested that the more participants felt being in the situation, the more the approach-avoidance ecological actions activated the corresponding neuropsychological systems. We discuss these emergent findings in light of grounded cognition and the notion of feeling of presence.
趋近和回避取向是评估 - 行为界面上适应性调节的关键要素。一方面，对周围世界的持续评估会根据个体的即时环境激发趋近 - 回避反应。另一方面，反过来这些个体与环境的调整又会影响评估。一种将个体与环境互动的感觉运动方面置于认知核心的社会认知基础观点，对于理解评估过程有很大帮助。尽管在趋近 - 回避文献中，对认知与行动的基础观点的热情日益高涨，但其核心原则在操作层面却很少得到体现。在本文中，我们依靠基础观点的见解，提出了更全面的趋近 - 回避取向操作化方法，并研究了它们对评估的影响。在六项研究中，我们改变了趋近 - 回避的操作化方式（上身倾斜、上身姿势和行走步伐），并逐步考虑基础假设。我们未能获得理论上趋近（与回避相比）对评估的积极影响。有趣的是，对在虚拟现实中进行的两项研究的进一步探索性分析表明，参与者越感觉身临其境，趋近 - 回避的生态行动就越能激活相应的神经心理系统。我们根据基础认知和身临其境感的概念来讨论这些新出现的发现。
