Johnston Joan H, Phillips Henry L, Milham Laura M, Riddle Dawn L, Townsend Lisa N, DeCostanza Arwen H, Patton Debra J, Cox Katherine R, Fitzhugh Sean M
Combat Capabilities Development Command, Soldier Center, Simulation Training and Technologies Center, Orlando, FL, United States.
Naval Air Warfare Center Training Systems Division, Orlando, FL, United States.
Front Psychol. 2019 Jun 26;10:1480. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01480. eCollection 2019.
Recent advances in the science of teams have provided much insight into the important attitudes (e.g., team cohesion and efficacy), cognitions (e.g., shared team cognition), and behaviors (e.g., teamwork communications) of high performing teams and how these competencies emerge as team members interact, and appropriate measurement methods for tracking development. Numerous training interventions have been found to effectively improve these competencies, and more recently have begun addressing the problem of team dynamics. Team science researchers have increasingly called for more field studies to better understand training and team development processes in the wild and to advance the theory of team development. In addition to the difficulty of gaining access to teams that operate in isolated, confined, and extreme environments (ICE), a major practical challenge for trainers of ICE teams whose schedules are already strained is the need to prioritize the most effective strategies to optimize the time available for implementation. To address these challenges, we describe an applied research experiment that developed and evaluated an integrated team training approach to improve Tactical Combat Casualty (TC3) skills in U.S. Army squads. Findings showed that employing effective team training best practices improved learning, team cognition, emergent team processes, and performance. We recommend future research should focus on understanding the types of training strategies needed to enable teams and team leaders to develop from novices to experts. Effectively modifying training to scale it to team expertise requires more research. More laboratory and field research is needed to further develop measures of team knowledge emergence for complex task domains, and include other potential emergent factors such as team leadership and resilience. Practical implications for research include developing automated tools and technologies needed to implement training and collect team data, and employ more sensitive indicators (e.g., behavioral markers) of team attitudes, cognitions and behaviors to model the dynamics of how they naturally change over time. These tools are critical to understanding the dynamics of team development and to implement interventions that more effectively support teams as they develop over time.
团队科学的最新进展为高效团队的重要态度（如团队凝聚力和效能）、认知（如共享团队认知）和行为（如团队协作沟通），以及这些能力如何在团队成员互动中形成，提供了诸多深刻见解，还带来了用于跟踪发展的合适测量方法。人们发现许多培训干预措施能有效提升这些能力，且最近已开始着手解决团队动态问题。团队科学研究人员越来越多地呼吁开展更多实地研究，以便更好地理解实际中的培训和团队发展过程，并推进团队发展理论。除了难以接触到在孤立、受限和极端环境（ICE）中运作的团队外，对于日程已经很紧张的ICE团队培训师来说，一个主要的实际挑战是需要优先考虑最有效的策略，以优化可用于实施的时间。为应对这些挑战，我们描述了一项应用研究实验，该实验开发并评估了一种综合团队培训方法，以提高美国陆军班的战术战斗伤亡（TC3）技能。研究结果表明，采用有效的团队培训最佳实践可改善学习、团队认知、团队涌现过程和绩效。我们建议未来的研究应专注于理解使团队和团队领导者从新手成长为专家所需的培训策略类型。有效地调整培训以适应团队专业水平需要更多研究。需要更多的实验室和实地研究来进一步开发复杂任务领域中团队知识涌现的测量方法，并纳入其他潜在的涌现因素，如团队领导力和恢复力。对研究的实际意义包括开发实施培训和收集团队数据所需的自动化工具和技术，并采用更敏感的指标（如行为标记）来模拟团队态度、认知和行为随时间自然变化的动态过程。这些工具对于理解团队发展动态以及实施能随着时间推移更有效地支持团队发展的干预措施至关重要。
