Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2019 Oct 30;182:109420. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109420. Epub 2019 Jul 9.
Mancozeb (MZ), chlorothalonil (CT), and thiophanate methyl (TM) are pesticides commonly used in agriculture due to their efficacy, low acute toxicity to mammals, and short environmental persistence. Although the toxic effects of these pesticides have been previously reported, studies regarding their influence on the immune system are limited. As such, this study focused on the immunomodulatory effect of MZ, CT, and TM pesticides on macrophage cells. RAW 264.7 cells were exposed to a range of concentrations (0.1-100 μg/mL) of these pesticides. CT exposure promoted an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) levels. The MTT and ds-DNA assay results demonstrated that MZ, CT, and TM exposure induced macrophage proliferation. Moreover, MZ, CT, and TM promoted cell cycle arrest at S phase, strongly suggesting macrophage proliferation. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ) and caspases (caspase 1, 3, and 8) in macrophages exposed to MZ, CT, and TM pesticides increased, whereas the anti-inflammatory cytokine levels decreased. These results suggest that MZ, CT, and TM exert an immunomodulatory effect on the immune system, inducing macrophage activation and enhancing the inflammatory response.
代森锰锌（MZ）、百菌清（CT）和甲基硫菌灵（TM）是农业中常用的农药，因为它们具有高效、对哺乳动物急性毒性低和环境持久性短的特点。尽管这些农药的毒性作用以前已经有报道，但关于它们对免疫系统影响的研究有限。因此，本研究集中于研究 MZ、CT 和 TM 这三种农药对巨噬细胞的免疫调节作用。RAW 264.7 细胞暴露于这些农药的一系列浓度（0.1-100μg/mL）下。CT 暴露促进了活性氧（ROS）和一氧化氮（NO）水平的增加。MTT 和 ds-DNA 检测结果表明，MZ、CT 和 TM 暴露诱导了巨噬细胞增殖。此外，MZ、CT 和 TM 促进了细胞周期在 S 期停滞，强烈提示巨噬细胞增殖。暴露于 MZ、CT 和 TM 农药的巨噬细胞中促炎细胞因子（IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α 和 IFN-γ）和半胱天冬酶（caspase 1、3 和 8）的水平增加，而抗炎细胞因子的水平降低。这些结果表明，MZ、CT 和 TM 对免疫系统具有免疫调节作用，诱导巨噬细胞激活并增强炎症反应。
