van de Bor Margot
Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Handb Clin Neurol. 2019;162:31-55. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-64029-1.00002-3.
Toxic chemicals, either from natural sources or man-made, are ubiquitous in our environment. Many of the synthetic chemicals make life more comfortable and therefore production continues to grow. Simultaneously with the increase in production, an increase in neurodevelopmental disorders has been observed. Some chemicals are not biodegradable or have a very long half-life time and, despite the fact that production of a number of those chemicals has been severely reduced, they are still ubiquitous in the environment. Fetal exposure to toxic chemicals is dependent on maternal exposure to those chemicals and the developing stage of the fetus. Human evidence from epidemiologic studies is described with regard to the effect of prenatal exposure to various groups of neurotoxicants (alcohol, particulate fine matter, metals, and endocrine disrupting chemicals) on neurobehavior development. Data indicate that prenatal exposure to alcohol, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, lead, methylmercury (MeHg), organophosphate pesticides (OPPs), and polychlorinated biphenyl ethers (PBDEs) impair cognitive development, whereas exposure to alcohol, MeHg, organochlorine pesticides and OPPs, polychlorinated biphenyls, PBDEs, and bisphenol A increases the risk of developing either attention deficit/hyperactivity and/or autism spectrum disorders. Psychomotor development appears to be less affected. However, data are not conclusive, which may depend on the assessment of exposure and the exposure level, among other factors.
有毒化学物质，无论是天然来源还是人造来源，在我们的环境中无处不在。许多合成化学物质使生活更舒适，因此产量持续增长。随着产量的增加，人们观察到神经发育障碍也在增加。一些化学物质不可生物降解或半衰期很长，尽管其中一些化学物质的产量已大幅减少，但它们在环境中仍然无处不在。胎儿接触有毒化学物质取决于母亲接触这些化学物质的情况以及胎儿的发育阶段。本文描述了流行病学研究中的人体证据，涉及产前接触各类神经毒物（酒精、细颗粒物、金属和内分泌干扰化学物质）对神经行为发育的影响。数据表明，产前接触酒精、多环芳烃、铅、甲基汞（MeHg）、有机磷酸酯农药（OPPs）和多溴二苯醚（PBDEs）会损害认知发育，而接触酒精、MeHg、有机氯农药和OPPs、多氯联苯、PBDEs和双酚A会增加患注意力缺陷/多动障碍和/或自闭症谱系障碍的风险。心理运动发育似乎受影响较小。然而，数据并不确凿，这可能取决于接触评估和接触水平等其他因素。
