Naz Sumera, Naz Saima, Nadeem Saqib Muhammad Arif, Rafique Ibrar, Bashir Faiza
Pakistan Health Research Council, Islamabad.
J Pak Med Assoc. 2018 May;68(Suppl 2)(5):S13-S17.
About one-third of the world population is exposed to second hand smoke (SHS) with estimated 600,000 annual deaths. The objective of this article is to determine the exposure of adult Pakistani population to SHS and its association with different demographic variables based on data of Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) conducted in 2014 in Pakistan.
Secondary analysis of Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) data was done which is a global standard used for systematically monitoring use of both smoked and smokeless tobacco products. GATS Pakistan was a nationally representative survey, conducted in all four provinces among adult males and females aged15 years and above. Using multistage stratified cluster sampling technique a total of 9,856 households were selected and finally 7,831 individuals were enrolled.
At homes around 43.3% individuals were exposed to SHS. Univariate analysis revealed that overall males (Odds Ratio, OR: 1.17 CI: 1.04-1.30, p=0.006) and less educated (OR: 1.30, CI: 1.16-1.46, p=0.000) group were at higher odds of being exposed to SHS at homes. Over all exposure to second hand smoke at home was also significantly high among urban residents (p = 0.000). Among nonsmokers age group 15 -35 years (odds ratio, 1.24 CI:1.09-1.04, P=0.01) and less educated group (OR 1.24, CI: 1.09-1.40, p=0.001) were at higher odds of being exposed to SHS at home At indoor workplaces, overall 69.1% and among non-smokers, 65.3% individuals were exposed to SHS. Univariate analysis has shown that less educated group (OR: 1.525, CI: 1.012-2.298, p=0.043) was at higher odds of being exposed to SHS at indoor workplaces. Among various public places exposure of participants to SHS was highest (86%) at restaurants, followed by public transport (74%), marriage halls (65%), universities (46%), health care facilities (35%) and least at schools (20%)..
Less educated males were more exposed to second-hand smoke both at work places and public places; therefore to start with interventions, work places and public places should be a priority as at home results could be confounded by self-smoking as well.
世界约三分之一的人口暴露于二手烟中，估计每年有60万人死亡。本文的目的是根据2014年在巴基斯坦进行的全球成人烟草调查（GATS）数据，确定巴基斯坦成年人群体接触二手烟的情况及其与不同人口统计学变量的关联。
对全球成人烟草调查（GATS）数据进行二次分析，该数据是用于系统监测吸烟和无烟烟草制品使用情况的全球标准。巴基斯坦GATS是一项具有全国代表性的调查，在四个省份中对15岁及以上的成年男性和女性进行。采用多阶段分层整群抽样技术，共选取了9856户家庭，最终纳入7831人。
在家庭中，约43.3%的人暴露于二手烟。单因素分析显示，总体上男性（优势比，OR：1.17，可信区间：1.04 - 1.30，p = 0.006）和受教育程度较低的群体（OR：1.30，可信区间：1.16 - 1.46，p = 0.000）在家中接触二手烟的几率更高。总体而言，城市居民在家中接触二手烟的情况也显著较高（p = 0.000）。在非吸烟者中，15 - 35岁年龄组（优势比，1.24，可信区间：1.09 - 1.04，P = 0.01）和受教育程度较低的群体（OR 1.24，可信区间：1.09 - 1.40，p = 0.001）在家中接触二手烟的几率更高。在室内工作场所，总体上69.1%的人以及65.3%的非吸烟者暴露于二手烟。单因素分析表明，受教育程度较低的群体（OR：1.525，可信区间：1.012 - 2.298，p = 0.043）在室内工作场所接触二手烟的几率更高。在各类公共场所，参与者接触二手烟的比例在餐馆最高（86%），其次是公共交通（74%）、婚宴厅（65%）、大学（46%）、医疗保健机构（35%），在学校最低（20%）。
受教育程度较低的男性在工作场所和公共场所接触二手烟的情况更为严重；因此，作为干预措施的起点工作场所和公共场所应作为优先考虑，因为在家中的结果可能也会因自身吸烟而混淆。
