Department of Environmental Protection, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics, and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Kraków, Poland.
Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Economics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120, Kraków, Poland.
Environ Geochem Health. 2020 Feb;42(2):419-442. doi: 10.1007/s10653-019-00372-w. Epub 2019 Jul 19.
Agricultural soil samples were collected from the areas where edible plants had been cultivated in southern Poland. The PHE content decreased in proportion to the median value specified in brackets (mg/kg d.m.) as follows: Zn (192) > Pb (47.1) > Cr (19.6) > Cu (18.8) > Ni (9.91) > As (5.73) > Co (4.63) > Sb (0.85) > Tl (0.04) > Cd (0.03) > Hg (0.001) > Se (< LOQ). No PHE concentrations exceeded the permissible levels defined in the Polish law. The PHE solubility (extracted with CaCl) in the total concentration ranged in the following order: Fe (3.3%) > Cd (2.50%) > Ni (0.75%) > Zn (0.48%) > Cu (0.19%) > Pb (0.10%) > Cr (0.03%). The soil contamination indices revealed moderate contamination with Zn, ranging from uncontaminated to moderately contaminated with Pb, and, practically, no contamination with other PHEs was identified. The ecological risk indices revealed that soils ranged from uncontaminated to slightly contaminated with Zn, Pb, As, Cu, and Ni. The PCA indicated natural sources of origin of Co, Cu, Hg, Sb, Zn, Cr, and Pb, as well as anthropogenic sources of origin of Cd, Ni, As, and Tl. The human health risk assessment (HHRA) for adults and children decreased in the following order of exposure pathways: ingestion > dermal contact > inhalation of soil particles. The total carcinogenic risk values for both adults and children were at the acceptable level under residential (1.62E-05 and 6.39E-05) and recreational scenario (5.41E-06 and 2.46E-05), respectively, as well as for adults in agricultural scenario (1.45E-05). The total non-carcinogenic risk values for both adults and children under residential scenario (1.63E-01 and 4.55E-01, respectively), under recreational scenario (2.88E-01 and 6.69E-01, respectively) and for adults (1.03E-01) under agricultural scenario indicated that adverse health effects were not likely to be observed. Investigated soils were fully suitable for edible plant cultivation.
从波兰南部种植食用植物的地区采集了农业土壤样本。PHE 含量按括号中规定的中位数（mg/kg d.m.）递减：Zn（192）> Pb（47.1）> Cr（19.6）> Cu（18.8）> Ni（9.91）> As（5.73）> Co（4.63）> Sb（0.85）> Tl（0.04）> Cd（0.03）> Hg（0.001）> Se（<LOQ）。没有任何 PHE 浓度超过波兰法律规定的允许水平。在总浓度下，PHE 的溶解度（用 CaCl 提取）按以下顺序排列：Fe（3.3%）> Cd（2.50%）> Ni（0.75%）> Zn（0.48%）> Cu（0.19%）> Pb（0.10%）> Cr（0.03%）。土壤污染指数显示 Zn 中度污染，Pb 从无污染到中度污染，其他 PHE 基本无污染。生态风险指数显示土壤 Zn、Pb、As、Cu 和 Ni 从无污染到轻度污染。PCA 表明 Co、Cu、Hg、Sb、Zn、Cr 和 Pb 的来源为自然，而 Cd、Ni、As 和 Tl 的来源为人为。成人和儿童的人体健康风险评估（HHRA）按暴露途径递减顺序为：摄入>皮肤接触>吸入土壤颗粒。成人和儿童的总致癌风险值在住宅（1.62E-05 和 6.39E-05）和娱乐（5.41E-06 和 2.46E-05）场景下均处于可接受水平，农业场景下的成人值（1.45E-05）。在住宅场景（1.63E-01 和 4.55E-01，分别）、娱乐场景（2.88E-01 和 6.69E-01，分别）和农业场景（1.03E-01）下，成人和儿童的非致癌总风险值均表明不太可能观察到不良健康影响。调查土壤完全适合食用植物种植。
